单倍群C-M217：修订间差异

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|name=C-M217<ref name="isogg2015">[http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html |date=20210815230029 }} (15 September 2015).</ref>
|name=C-M217<ref name="isogg2015">[http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpC.html |date=20210815230029 }} (15 September 2015).</ref>
|map=Haplogrupo C3 (ADN-Y).PNG
|map=Haplogrupo C3 (ADN-Y).PNG
|origin-date=50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前<ref name="Karmin2015">Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al.'' (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.</ref><br /><br />52,500 或 44,900 年前<ref name="Poznik2016">G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, ''et al.'' (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." ''Nature Genetics'' 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.</ref><br/><br/>48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] 年前<ref name="YFull">[http://www.yfull.com/tree/C-M217/ YFull] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yfull.com/tree/C-M217/ |date=20201031235402 }} Haplogroup YTree v7.02.01 as of March 15, 2019</ref>
|origin-date=50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前<ref name="Karmin2015">{{Cite journal |last=Karmin |first=Monika |last2=Saag |first2=Lauri |last3=Vicente |first3=Mário |last4=Sayres |first4=Melissa A. Wilson |last5=Järve |first5=Mari |last6=Talas |first6=Ulvi Gerst |last7=Rootsi |first7=Siiri |last8=Ilumäe |first8=Anne-Mai |last9=Mägi |first9=Reedik |last10=Mitt |first10=Mario |last11=Pagani |first11=Luca |date=2015-04 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114 |journal=Genome Research |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |issn=1088-9051 |pmc=PMC4381518 |pmid=25770088}}</ref><br />52,500 或 44,900 年前<ref name="Poznik2016">{{Cite journal |last=The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium |last2=Poznik |first2=G David |last3=Xue |first3=Yali |last4=Mendez |first4=Fernando L |last5=Willems |first5=Thomas F |last6=Massaia |first6=Andrea |last7=Wilson Sayres |first7=Melissa A |last8=Ayub |first8=Qasim |last9=McCarthy |first9=Shane A |last10=Narechania |first10=Apurva |last11=Kashin |first11=Seva |date=2016-06 |title=Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3559 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/ng.3559 |issn=1061-4036 |pmc=PMC4884158 |pmid=27111036}}</ref><br/>48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] 年前<ref name="YFull">{{Cite web |title=C-M217 Y树 |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/C-M217/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.yfull.com }}</ref>
|TMRCA=35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] 年前<ref name = "Karmin2015" /><br/><br/>34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] 年前<ref name = "YFull" />
|TMRCA=35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] 年前<ref name = "Karmin2015" /><br/><br/>34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] 年前<ref name = "YFull" />
|origin-place= [[东南亚]]/[[东亚]]或[[中亚]]
|origin-place= [[东南亚]]/[[东亚]]或[[中亚]]
|ancestor=[[单倍群C-M130]]
|ancestor=[[单倍群C-M130]]
|mutations=M217, P44, PK2
|mutations=M217, P44, PK2
|members=[[Oroqen people|Oroqen]] 61%<ref name=Xue2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, etal |title=Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times |journal=Genetics |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=2431–9 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16489223 |pmc=1456369 |doi=10.1534/genetics.105.054270 |url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16489223}}</ref>-91%,<ref name=Karafet2001>{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, etal |title=Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2001-09_69_3/page/615 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=615–28 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11481588 |pmc=1235490 |doi=10.1086/323299 }}</ref> [[Evenks]] 44%<ref name=Karafet2001 />-71%,<ref name=Karafet2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Gubina MA, Posukh OL, Zegura SL, Hammer MF |title=High levels of Y-chromosome differentiation among native Siberian populations and the genetic signature of a boreal hunter-gatherer way of life |journal=Hum. Biol. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=761–89 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12617488 |url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol74/iss6/2/ |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0006 |access-date=2020-01-15 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730024729/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol74/iss6/2/ }}</ref><ref name=Pakendorf2007 /> [[Ulch people|Ulchi]] 69%,<ref name = "Balanovska2018">E. V. Balanovska, Y. V. Bogunov, E. N. Kamenshikova, ''et al.'', "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population." ISSN 1022-7954, ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2018, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1245–1253. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795418100046</ref> [[Kazakhs]] 33% <ref>{cite web | url=https://qudro.blog.me/221055423127 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160540/https://qudro.blog.me/221055423127 }}</ref>,<ref name="Dulik2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG |title=Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e17548 |year=2011 |pmid=21412412 |pmc=3055870 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 }}</ref> [[Buryats]] 7%<ref name=Lell2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, etal |title=The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2002-01_70_1/page/192 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=192–206 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11731934 |pmc=384887 |doi=10.1086/338457 }}</ref>-84%,<ref name=Tajima2004>{{cite journal | last1=Tajima | first1=Atsushi | last2=Hayami | first2=Masanori | last3=Tokunaga | first3=Katsushi | last4=Juji | first4=T| year=2004 | last5=Matsuo | first5=M | last6=Marzuki | first6=S | last7=Omoto | first7=K | last8=Horai | first8=S | title=Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | url=| journal=Journal of Human Genetics | volume=49 | issue=4| pages=187–193 | doi=10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | pmid=14997363}}</ref> [[Evens]] 5%<ref name=Pakendorf2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Stoneking M |title=Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2007-07_133_3/page/1013 |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=1013–27 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17492671 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20590 }}</ref>-74%,<ref name=Hammer2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, etal |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 }}</ref> [[Mongols|Mongolians]] 23.7% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://qudro.blog.me/221044805296 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160542/https://qudro.blog.me/221044805296 }}</ref>-54%,<ref name=Xue2006 /> [[Tanana languages|Tanana]] 42%,<ref name=Zegura2004>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF |title=High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=164–75 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14595095 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh009 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14595095}}</ref> -41.18%<ref name="auto">Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 {{Wayback|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 |date=20220403235526 }}</ref> [[Nivkhs]] 38%,<ref name=Tajima2004 /> [[Hazaras]] 35%<ref name="DiCristofaro2013" />–40%,<ref name=Sengupta2006>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, etal |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2006-02_78_2/page/202 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=202–21 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |doi=10.1086/499411 }}</ref> [[Koryaks]] 33%,<ref name=Karafet2002 /><ref name=Pakendorf2007 /> [[Daur people|Daur]] 31%,<ref name=Xue2006 /> [[Yukaghir]] 31%,<ref name=Pakendorf2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M |title=Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=334–53 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16845541 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2 }}</ref> [[Manchu]] 30% (8.3% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837811682 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160603/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837811682 }}</ref> -51.8% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.cafe.naver.com/ArticleRead.nhn?clubid=28611618&menuid=53&articleid=2145&query=만주족+y-dna | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그}}</ref>) [[Nanai people|Hezhe]] 29.6% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055357968 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160614/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055357968 }}</ref>, [[Xibe people|Sibe]] 29.3% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055356912 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160617/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055356912 }}</ref>, [[Dong people|Dong]] 28% <ref name=Xue2004 />, [[Tujia people|Tujia]] 28%<ref name=Xue2004 />, [[Hani people|Hani]] 25% <ref name=Xue2006 />, [[Demographics of North Korea|North Korean]] 23% (19% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055419613 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161905/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055419613 }}</ref>-27% <ref name=Zhong2010>{{cite journal | last1=Zhong | first1=Hua | last2=Shi | first2=Hong | last3=Xue- | first3= XB| last4=Qi | first4=Bin | last5=Jin | year=2010 | first5=L | last6=Ma | first6=RZ | last7=Su | first7=B | title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia | url=| journal=Journal of Human Genetics | volume= 55| issue=7| pages= 428–35| pmid=20448651 | doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 }}</ref>), [[Altay people|Altai]] 22%<ref name=Hammer2006 />-24%,<ref name=Karafet2001 /> [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] 20%,<ref name="DiCristofaro2013" /> [[Uzbeks]] 20%,<ref name="Karafet2001" />, [[Demographics of South Korea|South Korean]] 16% (11.6% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837725593 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160802/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837725593 }}</ref>-21% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055379237 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160645/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055379237 }}</ref>), [[Cheyenne]] 16%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> [[Apache]] 15%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> Northern [[Han Chinese|Han]] 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),<ref name=Zhong2010 /> [[Tuvans]] 11%<ref name="Malyarchuk2010" /> – 15%,<ref name=Pakendorf2006 /> [[Ainu people|Ainu]] 12.5%<ref name=Tajima2004 />-25%,<ref name=Hammer2006 /> [[Hui people|Hui]] 11%,<ref name=Xue2006 /><ref name=Karafet2001 /> [[Sioux]] 11%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> [[Nogais]] 14%,<ref name="biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB |title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan |journal=BMC Genet. |volume=9 |issue= |pages=47 |year=2008 |pmid=18637195 |pmc=2488347 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47 }}</ref> [[Crimean Tatars]] 9%,<ref name="biomedcentral.com" /> [[Uyghurs]] 8.27% (0% Urumqi,<ref name = "Xue2006" /> 0% Turpan area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 2.6% Keriya,<ref name = "Liu2018">LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." ''Acta Anthropologica Sinica'', 2018, 37(1): 146-156.</ref> 3.1% Lopnur,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 6.0%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 6.0% Urumqi area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 6.3% Bortala area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 7.0% Yining area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 7.7% Yili,<ref name = "Xue2006" /> 8.37% Hetian area,<ref name = "Lu2011">Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)</ref> 11.8% Horiqol Township,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 16.08% Turpan area<ref name = "Lu2011" />), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] 7.6% (4.3%<!--ref name="Karafet2010" /-->-12.5%<ref name="Kim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, etal |title=High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea |journal=Investig Genet |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10 |year=2011 |pmid=21463511 |pmc=3087676 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-2-10 }}</ref>), [[Tajiks]] (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%<ref>Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events||date=Published: March 28, 2012|http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 {{Wayback|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 |date=20220403235526 }} [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 |date=20220403235526 }}</ref>-9.2%<ref name = "DiCristofaro2013" />), Southern [[Han Chinese|Han]] 7.1% (0%-23.5%),<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> [[Tabassarans]] 7%,<ref>Yunusbayev2006</ref>[[Abazinians]] 7%,<ref>Nasidze2004a</ref> [[Japanese people|Japanese]] 5.9% (0%<ref name = "Hammer2006" />-7.8%<ref name="Sato2014">Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." ''Anthropological Science'' Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014.</ref>), [[Adygei]] 2.9%,<ref name="auto1">Yunusbayev2012</ref> [[Kabardians]] 2.4%,<ref name="auto1"/>[[Pasthun]] 2.04%<ref name="auto"/>
|members=[[Oroqen people|Oroqen]] 61%<ref name=Xue2006>{{Cite journal |last=Xue |first=Yali |last2=Zerjal |first2=Tatiana |last3=Bao |first3=Weidong |last4=Zhu |first4=Suling |last5=Shu |first5=Qunfang |last6=Xu |first6=Jiujin |last7=Du |first7=Ruofu |last8=Fu |first8=Songbin |last9=Li |first9=Pu |last10=Hurles |first10=Matthew E |last11=Yang |first11=Huanming |date=2006-04-01 |title=Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times |url=https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/172/4/2431/6061643 |journal=Genetics |language=en |volume=172 |issue=4 |doi=10.1534/genetics.105.054270 |issn=1943-2631 |pmc=PMC1456369 |pmid=16489223}}</ref>-91%,<ref name=Karafet2001>{{Cite journal |last=Karafet |first=Tatiana |last2=Xu |first2=Liping |last3=Du |first3=Ruofu |last4=Wang |first4=William |last5=Feng |first5=Shi |last6=Wells |first6=R. S. |last7=Redd |first7=Alan J. |last8=Zegura |first8=Stephen L. |last9=Hammer |first9=Michael F. |date=2001-09-01 |title=Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)61171-9 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=69 |issue=3 |doi=10.1086/323299 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC1235490 |pmid=11481588}}</ref> [[Evenks]] 44%<ref name=Karafet2001 />-71%,<ref name=Karafet2002>{{Cite journal |last=Karafet |first=Tatiana M. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Gubina |first3=Marina A. |last4=Posukh |first4=Olga L. |last5=Zegura |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Hammer |first6=Michael F. |date=2002 |title=High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/39172 |journal=Human Biology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=6 |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0006 |issn=1534-6617}}</ref><ref name=Pakendorf2007 /> [[Ulch people|Ulchi]] 69%,<ref name = "Balanovska2018">{{Cite journal |last=Balanovska |first=E. V. |last2=Bogunov |first2=Y. V. |last3=Kamenshikova |first3=E. N. |last4=Balaganskaya |first4=O. A. |last5=Agdzhoyan |first5=A. T. |last6=Bogunova |first6=A. A. |last7=Skhalyakho |first7=R. A. |last8=Alborova |first8=I. E. |last9=Zhabagin |first9=M. K. |last10=Koshel |first10=S. M. |last11=Daragan |first11=D. M. |date=2018-10 |title=Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1022795418100046 |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=10 |doi=10.1134/S1022795418100046 |issn=1022-7954}}</ref> [[Kazakhs]] 33% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://qudro.blog.me/221055423127 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160540/https://qudro.blog.me/221055423127 }}</ref>,<ref name="Dulik2011">{{Cite journal |last=Dulik |first=Matthew C. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Schurr |first3=Theodore G. |date=2011-03-11 |editor-last=Kayser |editor-first=Manfred |title=Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 |journal=PLoS ONE |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC3055870 |pmid=21412412}}</ref>[[Buryats]] 7%<ref name=Lell2002>{{Cite journal |last=Lell |first=Jeffrey T. |last2=Sukernik |first2=Rem I. |last3=Starikovskaya |first3=Yelena B. |last4=Su |first4=Bing |last5=Jin |first5=Li |last6=Schurr |first6=Theodore G. |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter A. |last8=Wallace |first8=Douglas C. |date=2002-01-01 |title=The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)61293-2 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=70 |issue=1 |doi=10.1086/338457 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC384887 |pmid=11731934}}</ref>-84%,<ref name=Tajima2004>{{Cite journal |last=Tajima |first=Atsushi |last2=Hayami |first2=Masanori |last3=Tokunaga |first3=Katsushi |last4=Juji |first4=Takeo |last5=Matsuo |first5=Masafumi |last6=Marzuki |first6=Sangkot |last7=Omoto |first7=Keiichi |last8=Horai |first8=Satoshi |date=2004-04 |title=Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg200432 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x |issn=1434-5161}}</ref>[[Evens]] 5%<ref name=Pakendorf2007>{{Cite journal |last=Pakendorf |first=Brigitte |last2=Novgorodov |first2=Innokentij N. |last3=Osakovskij |first3=Vladimir L. |last4=Stoneking |first4=Mark |date=2007-07 |title=Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: Inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20590 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20590}}</ref>-74%,<ref name=Hammer2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, etal |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 }}</ref> [[Mongols|Mongolians]] 23.7% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://qudro.blog.me/221044805296 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160542/https://qudro.blog.me/221044805296 }}</ref>-54%,<ref name=Xue2006 /> [[Tanana languages|Tanana]] 42%,<ref name=Zegura2004>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF |title=High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=164–75 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14595095 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh009 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14595095}}</ref> -41.18%<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Haber |first=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Ashrafian Bonab |first3=Maziar |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Soria-Hernanz |first5=David F. |last6=Martínez-Cruz |first6=Begoña |last7=Douaihy |first7=Bouchra |last8=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first8=Michella |last9=Rafatpanah |first9=Hoshang |last10=Ghanbari |first10=Mohsen |last11=Whale |first11=John |date=2012-03-28 |editor-last=Kayser |editor-first=Manfred |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |journal=PLoS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC3314501 |pmid=22470552}}</ref> [[Nivkhs]] 38%,<ref name=Tajima2004 /> [[Hazaras]] 35%<ref name="DiCristofaro2013" />–40%,<ref name=Sengupta2006>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, etal |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2006-02_78_2/page/202 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=202–21 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |doi=10.1086/499411 }}</ref> [[Koryaks]] 33%,<ref name=Karafet2002 /><ref name=Pakendorf2007 /> [[Daur people|Daur]] 31%,<ref name=Xue2006 /> [[Yukaghir]] 31%,<ref name=Pakendorf2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M |title=Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=334–53 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16845541 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2 }}</ref> [[Manchu]] 30% (8.3% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837811682 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160603/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837811682 }}</ref> -51.8% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.cafe.naver.com/ArticleRead.nhn?clubid=28611618&menuid=53&articleid=2145&query=만주족+y-dna | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그}}</ref>) [[Nanai people|Hezhe]] 29.6% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055357968 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160614/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055357968 }}</ref>, [[Xibe people|Sibe]] 29.3% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055356912 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160617/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055356912 }}</ref>, [[Dong people|Dong]] 28% <ref name=Xue2004 />, [[Tujia people|Tujia]] 28%<ref name=Xue2004 />, [[Hani people|Hani]] 25% <ref name=Xue2006 />, [[Demographics of North Korea|North Korean]] 23% (19% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055419613 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161905/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055419613 }}</ref>-27% <ref name=Zhong2010>{{Cite journal |last=Zhong |first=Hua |last2=Shi |first2=Hong |last3=Qi |first3=Xue-Bin |last4=Xiao |first4=Chun-Jie |last5=Jin |first5=Li |last6=Ma |first6=Runlin Z |last7=Su |first7=Bing |date=2010-07 |title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201040 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=55 |issue=7 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 |issn=1434-5161}}</ref>), [[Altay people|Altai]] 22%<ref name=Hammer2006 />-24%,<ref name=Karafet2001 /> [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] 20%,<ref name="DiCristofaro2013" /> [[Uzbeks]] 20%,<ref name="Karafet2001" />, [[Demographics of South Korea|South Korean]] 16% (11.6% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837725593 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160802/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/220837725593 }}</ref>-21% <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055379237 | title=47z TAT : 네이버 블로그 | access-date=2020-01-15 | archive-date=2020-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160645/https://m.blog.naver.com/qudro/221055379237 }}</ref>), [[Cheyenne]] 16%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> [[Apache]] 15%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> Northern [[Han Chinese|Han]] 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),<ref name=Zhong2010 /> [[Tuvans]] 11%<ref name="Malyarchuk2010" /> – 15%,<ref name=Pakendorf2006 /> [[Ainu people|Ainu]] 12.5%<ref name=Tajima2004 />-25%,<ref name=Hammer2006 /> [[Hui people|Hui]] 11%,<ref name=Xue2006 /><ref name=Karafet2001 /> [[Sioux]] 11%,<ref name=Zegura2004 /> [[Nogais]] 14%,<ref name="biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB |title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan |journal=BMC Genet. |volume=9 |issue= |pages=47 |year=2008 |pmid=18637195 |pmc=2488347 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47 }}</ref> [[Crimean Tatars]] 9%,<ref name="biomedcentral.com" /> [[Uyghurs]] 8.27% (0% Urumqi,<ref name = "Xue2006" /> 0% Turpan area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 2.6% Keriya,<ref name = "Liu2018">LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." ''Acta Anthropologica Sinica'', 2018, 37(1): 146-156.</ref> 3.1% Lopnur,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 6.0%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 6.0% Urumqi area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 6.3% Bortala area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 7.0% Yining area,<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> 7.7% Yili,<ref name = "Xue2006" /> 8.37% Hetian area,<ref name = "Lu2011">Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)</ref> 11.8% Horiqol Township,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 16.08% Turpan area<ref name = "Lu2011" />), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] 7.6% (4.3%<!--ref name="Karafet2010" /-->-12.5%<ref name="Kim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, etal |title=High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea |journal=Investig Genet |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10 |year=2011 |pmid=21463511 |pmc=3087676 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-2-10 }}</ref>), [[Tajiks]] (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%<ref>Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events||date=Published: March 28, 2012|http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 {{Wayback|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 |date=20220403235526 }} [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288 |date=20220403235526 }}</ref>-9.2%<ref name = "DiCristofaro2013" />), Southern [[Han Chinese|Han]] 7.1% (0%-23.5%),<ref name = "Zhong2010" /> [[Tabassarans]] 7%,<ref>Yunusbayev2006</ref>[[Abazinians]] 7%,<ref>Nasidze2004a</ref> [[Japanese people|Japanese]] 5.9% (0%<ref name = "Hammer2006" />-7.8%<ref name="Sato2014">Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." ''Anthropological Science'' Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014.</ref>), [[Adygei]] 2.9%,<ref name="auto1">Yunusbayev2012</ref> [[Kabardians]] 2.4%,<ref name="auto1"/>[[Pasthun]] 2.04%<ref name="auto"/>
|descendants=C-M93 (C2a); [[Haplogroup C-CTS117|C-CTS117]] (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
|descendants=C-M93 (C2a); [[Haplogroup C-CTS117|C-CTS117]] (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
}}
}}
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单倍群C-M217起源于[[东南亚]]/[[东亚]]或[[中亚]]，分佈廣泛，西至[[南歐]]，北至[[西伯利亞]]，東至[[南美洲]]，南至[[海洋东南亚]]。有两个主要分支：C2b-L1373和C2c-F1067。
单倍群C-M217起源于[[东南亚]]/[[东亚]]或[[中亚]]，分佈廣泛，西至[[南歐]]，北至[[西伯利亞]]，東至[[南美洲]]，南至[[海洋东南亚]]。有两个主要分支：C2b-L1373和C2c-F1067。


C2b-L1373的下游支系主要分布在[[蒙古族]]、[[卡尔梅克族]]、[[达斡尔族]]、[[鄂伦春族]]、[[鄂温克族]]、[[鄂温人|鄂温族]]、[[尼夫赫族]]、[[哈萨克族]]、[[哈扎拉族]]等。还分出一支C2b1a1a-P39，主要分布于[[美洲]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The genetic legacy of the Mongols|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2003-03_72_3/page/717|date=March 2003|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|issue=3|doi=10.1086/367774|volume=72|pages=717–21|pmc=1180246|pmid=12592608}} [http://web.unife.it/progetti/genetica/Giorgio/PDFfiles/ajhg2003.pdf as PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://web.unife.it/progetti/genetica/Giorgio/PDFfiles/ajhg2003.pdf |date=20120710225619 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia|last=Xue|first=Y|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|date=2015-09-28|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|issue=6|doi=10.1086/498583|volume=77|pages=1112–6|pmc=1285168|pmid=16380921|last3=Bao|first3=W|last4=Zhu|first4=S|last5=Lim|first5=SK|last6=Shu|first6=Q|last7=Xu|first7=J|last8=Du|first8=R|last9=Fu|first9=S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2005-12_77_6/page/1112|last=Xue|first=Y|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|issue=6|doi=10.1086/498583|year=2005|volume=77|pages=1112–1116|pmc=1285168|pmid=16380921|last3=Bao|first3=W|last4=Zhu|first4=S|last5=Lim|first5=SK|last6=Shu|first6=Q|last7=Xu|first7=J|last8=Du|first8=R|last9=Fu|first9=S}}</ref><ref name="Karafet2018">Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." ''Am J Hum Biol.'' 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.</ref><ref name="DiCristofaro2013">Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748</ref><ref name="Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x</ref><ref name="Malyarchuk2013">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak,
C2b-L1373的下游支系主要分布在[[蒙古族]]、[[卡尔梅克人|卡尔梅克族]]、[[达斡尔族]]、[[鄂伦春族]]、[[鄂温克族]]、[[鄂温人|鄂温族]]、[[尼夫赫人|尼夫赫族]]、[[哈萨克族]]、[[哈扎拉族]]等。还分出一支C2b1a1a-P39，主要分布于[[美洲]]。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zerjal |first=Tatiana |last2=Xue |first2=Yali |last3=Bertorelle |first3=Giorgio |last4=Wells |first4=R. Spencer |last5=Bao |first5=Weidong |last6=Zhu |first6=Suling |last7=Qamar |first7=Raheel |last8=Ayub |first8=Qasim |last9=Mohyuddin |first9=Aisha |last10=Fu |first10=Songbin |last11=Li |first11=Pu |date=2003-03 |title=The genetic legacy of the Mongols |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12592608/ |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=3 |doi=10.1086/367774 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1180246 |pmid=12592608}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xue |first=Yali |last2=Zerjal |first2=Tatiana |last3=Bao |first3=Weidong |last4=Zhu |first4=Suling |last5=Lim |first5=Si-Keun |last6=Shu |first6=Qunfang |last7=Xu |first7=Jiujin |last8=Du |first8=Ruofu |last9=Fu |first9=Songbin |last10=Li |first10=Pu |last11=Yang |first11=Huanming |date=2005-12-01 |title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63394-1 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=77 |issue=6 |doi=10.1086/498583 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC1285168 |pmid=16380921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xue |first=Yali |last2=Zerjal |first2=Tatiana |last3=Bao |first3=Weidong |last4=Zhu |first4=Suling |last5=Lim |first5=Si-Keun |last6=Shu |first6=Qunfang |last7=Xu |first7=Jiujin |last8=Du |first8=Ruofu |last9=Fu |first9=Songbin |last10=Li |first10=Pu |last11=Yang |first11=Huanming |date=2005-12-01 |title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63394-1 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=77 |issue=6 |doi=10.1086/498583 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC1285168 |pmid=16380921}}</ref><ref name="Karafet2018">{{Cite journal |last=Karafet |first=Tatiana M. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Savina |first3=Olga V. |last4=Hallmark |first4=Brian |last5=Hammer |first5=Michael F. |date=2018-11 |title=Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23194 |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.23194 |issn=1042-0533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Cristofaro |first=Julie |last2=Pennarun |first2=Erwan |last3=Mazières |first3=Stéphane |last4=Myres |first4=Natalie M. |last5=Lin |first5=Alice A. |last6=Temori |first6=Shah Aga |last7=Metspalu |first7=Mait |last8=Metspalu |first8=Ene |last9=Witzel |first9=Michael |last10=King |first10=Roy J. |last11=Underhill |first11=Peter A. |date=2013-10-18 |editor-last=Kayser |editor-first=Manfred |title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |journal=PLoS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC3799995 |pmid=24204668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malyarchuk |first=Boris |last2=Derenko |first2=Miroslava |last3=Denisova |first3=Galina |last4=Wozniak |first4=Marcin |last5=Grzybowski |first5=Tomasz |last6=Dambueva |first6=Irina |last7=Zakharov |first7=Ilia |date=2010-11 |title=Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia: Y-chromosome haplogroup C phylogeography |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=74 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malyarchuk |first=Boris |last2=Derenko |first2=Miroslava |last3=Denisova |first3=Galina |last4=Khoyt |first4=Sanj |last5=Woźniak |first5=Marcin |last6=Grzybowski |first6=Tomasz |last7=Zakharov |first7=Ilya |date=2013-12 |title=Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2013108 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=58 |issue=12 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2013.108 |issn=1434-5161}}</ref>
Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.</ref><ref name="Ashirbekov2017">E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 – 95.</ref>


C2c-F1067的下游支系主要分布在[[布里亚特族]]、[[汉族]]、[[朝鲜族]]、[[苗族]]、[[土家族]]、[[侗族]]、[[瑶族]]、[[白族]]等。还分出一支C2c2-CTS4660，主要分布于[[岭南]]。<ref name="Lippold2014">{{Cite journal |last=Lippold |first=Sebastian |last2=Xu |first2=Hongyang |last3=Ko |first3=Albert |last4=Li |first4=Mingkun |last5=Renaud |first5=Gabriel |last6=Butthof |first6=Anne |last7=Schröder |first7=Roland |last8=Stoneking |first8=Mark |date=2014 |title=Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25254093/ |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=5 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-5-13 |issn=2041-2223 |pmc=4174254 |pmid=25254093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yan |first=Shi |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |last3=Zheng |first3=Hong-Xiang |last4=Wang |first4=Wei |last5=Qin |first5=Zhen-Dong |last6=Wei |first6=Lan-Hai |last7=Wang |first7=Yi |last8=Pan |first8=Xue-Dong |last9=Fu |first9=Wen-Qing |last10=He |first10=Yun-Gang |last11=Xiong |first11=Li-Jun |date=2014-08-29 |editor-last=Su |editor-first=Bing |title=Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105691 |journal=PLoS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0105691 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC4149484 |pmid=25170956}}</ref><ref name="Park2013">{{Cite journal |last=Mj |first=Park |last2=Hy |first2=Lee |last3=Ny |first3=Kim |last4=Ey |first4=Lee |last5=Wi |first5=Yang |last6=Kj |first6=Shin |date=2013 Jan |title=Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22818129/ |journal=Forensic science international. Genetics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014 |issn=1878-0326 |pmid=22818129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422032807/https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C |archive-date=2022-04-22 |accessdate=2020-01-15 |work=FamilyTreeDNA |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hallast |first=P. |last2=Batini |first2=C. |last3=Zadik |first3=D. |last4=Maisano Delser |first4=P. |last5=Wetton |first5=J. H. |last6=Arroyo-Pardo |first6=E. |last7=Cavalleri |first7=G. L. |last8=de Knijff |first8=P. |last9=Destro Bisol |first9=G. |last10=Dupuy |first10=B. M. |last11=Eriksen |first11=H. A. |date=2015-03-01 |title=The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molbev/msu327 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu327 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=PMC4327154 |pmid=25468874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kharkov |first=V. N. |last2=Khamina |first2=K. V. |last3=Medvedeva |first3=O. F. |last4=Simonova |first4=K. V. |last5=Eremina |first5=E. R. |last6=Stepanov |first6=V. A. |date=2014-02 |title=Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1022795413110082 |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |doi=10.1134/S1022795413110082 |issn=1022-7954}}</ref><ref name="Gayden2007">{{Cite journal |last=Gayden |first=Tenzin |last2=Cadenas |first2=Alicia M. |last3=Regueiro |first3=Maria |last4=Singh |first4=Nanda B. |last5=Zhivotovsky |first5=Lev A. |last6=Underhill |first6=Peter A. |last7=Cavalli-Sforza |first7=Luigi L. |last8=Herrera |first8=Rene J. |date=2007-05-01 |title=The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)60944-6 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=80 |issue=5 |doi=10.1086/516757 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC1852741 |pmid=17436243}}</ref><ref name="Fornarino2009">{{Cite journal |last=Fornarino |first=Simona |last2=Pala |first2=Maria |last3=Battaglia |first3=Vincenza |last4=Maranta |first4=Ramona |last5=Achilli |first5=Alessandro |last6=Modiano |first6=Guido |last7=Torroni |first7=Antonio |last8=Semino |first8=Ornella |last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first9=Silvana A |date=2009-12 |title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation |url=https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=PMC2720951 |pmid=19573232}}</ref><ref name="Kivisild2003">{{Cite journal |last=Kivisild |first=T. |last2=Rootsi |first2=S. |last3=Metspalu |first3=M. |last4=Mastana |first4=S. |last5=Kaldma |first5=K. |last6=Parik |first6=J. |last7=Metspalu |first7=E. |last8=Adojaan |first8=M. |last9=Tolk |first9=H.-V. |last10=Stepanov |first10=V. |last11=Gölge |first11=M. |date=2003-02-01 |title=The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)60541-2 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=72 |issue=2 |doi=10.1086/346068 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=PMC379225 |pmid=12536373}}</ref>
C2c-F1067的下游支系主要分布在[[布里亚特族]]、[[汉族]]、[[朝鲜族]]、[[苗族]]、[[土家族]]、[[侗族]]、[[瑶族]]、[[白族]]等。还分出一支C2c2-CTS4660，主要分布于[[岭南]]。<ref name="Lippold2014">Sebastian Lippold, Hongyang Xu, Albert Ko, Mingkun Li, Gabriel Renaud, Anne Butthof, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences." ''Investigative Genetics'' 2014, 5:13. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/5/1/13 {{Wayback|url=http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/5/1/13 |date=20150924035711 }}</ref><ref name="Yan2014">Yan S, Wang C-C, Zheng H-X, Wang W, Qin Z-D, et al. (2014) "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers." ''PLoS ONE'' 9(8): e105691. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691</ref><ref name="Park2013">{{Cite journal|title=Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA|url=|last=Park|first=Jin|last2=Lee|first2=Young|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014|year=2013|volume=7|pages=75–81|pmid=22818129|last3=Kim|first3=Young|last4=-1#Myung|first4=Hwan Na|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C|accessdate=2020-01-15|work=www.familytreedna.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422032807/https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C}}</ref><ref name="Hallast2014">Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al.'', "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 Advance Access publication December 2, 2014.</ref><ref name="Kharkov2014">V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, K. V. Simonova, E. R. Eremina, and V. A. Stepanov, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082.</ref><ref name="Gayden2007">{{Cite journal|title=The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow|date=May 2007|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|issue=5|doi=10.1086/516757|volume=80|pages=884–94|pmc=1852741|pmid=17436243}} 2/77=2.6% C-M217 in a sample of the general population of Kathmandu.</ref><ref name="Fornarino2009">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation|journal=BMC Evol. Biol.|issue=|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154|year=2009|volume=9|pages=154|pmc=2720951|pmid=19573232}} 1/26=3.8% C-M217 in a sample of Hindu Indians from the Terai.</ref><ref name="Kivisild2003">{{Cite journal|title=The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2003-02_72_2/page/313|date=February 2003|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|issue=2|doi=10.1086/346068|volume=72|pages=313–32|pmc=379225|pmid=12536373}} C-M217 in 1/31=3.2% of a sample from West Bengal.</ref>


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==

2022年11月7日 (一) 15:52的版本

单倍群C-M217[1]
起源时间50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前[2]
52,500 或 44,900 年前[3]
48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] 年前[4]
共祖年代35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] 年前[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] 年前[4]
起源地东南亚/东亚或中亚
上游单倍群单倍群C-M130
下游单倍群C-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
对应突变M217, P44, PK2
分布区域Oroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6] Evenks 44%[6]-71%,[7][8] Ulchi 69%,[9] Kazakhs 33% [10],[11]Buryats 7%[12]-84%,[13]Evens 5%[8]-74%,[14] Mongolians 23.7% [15]-54%,[5] Tanana 42%,[16] -41.18%[17] Nivkhs 38%,[13] Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[19] Koryaks 33%,[7][8] Daur 31%,[5] Yukaghir 31%,[20] Manchu 30% (8.3% [21] -51.8% [22]) Hezhe 29.6% [23], Sibe 29.3% [24], Dong 28% [25], Tujia 28%[25], Hani 25% [5], North Korean 23% (19% [26]-27% [27]), Altai 22%[14]-24%,[6] Kyrgyz 20%,[18] Uzbeks 20%,[6], South Korean 16% (11.6% [28]-21% [29]), Cheyenne 16%,[16] Apache 15%,[16] Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[27] Tuvans 11%[30] – 15%,[20] Ainu 12.5%[13]-25%,[14] Hui 11%,[5][6] Sioux 11%,[16] Nogais 14%,[31] Crimean Tatars 9%,[31] Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Urumqi,[5] 0% Turpan area,[27] 2.6% Keriya,[32] 3.1% Lopnur,[32] 6.0%,[14] 6.0% Urumqi area,[27] 6.3% Bortala area,[27] 7.0% Yining area,[27] 7.7% Yili,[5] 8.37% Hetian area,[33] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[32] 16.08% Turpan area[33]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[34]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[35]-9.2%[18]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[27] Tabassarans 7%,[36]Abazinians 7%,[37] Japanese 5.9% (0%[14]-7.8%[38]), Adygei 2.9%,[39] Kabardians 2.4%,[39]Pasthun 2.04%[17]

单倍群C-M217，也称C2（以前称C3）， 是一个Y染色体DNA单倍群以及单倍群C-M130的下游分支之一。

分布

单倍群C-M217起源于东南亚/东亚或中亚，分佈廣泛，西至南歐，北至西伯利亞，東至南美洲，南至海洋东南亚。有两个主要分支：C2b-L1373和C2c-F1067。

C2b-L1373的下游支系主要分布在蒙古族、卡尔梅克族、达斡尔族、鄂伦春族、鄂温克族、鄂温族、尼夫赫族、哈萨克族、哈扎拉族等。还分出一支C2b1a1a-P39，主要分布于美洲。[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

C2c-F1067的下游支系主要分布在布里亚特族、汉族、朝鲜族、苗族、土家族、侗族、瑶族、白族等。还分出一支C2c2-CTS4660，主要分布于岭南。[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]

参考文献

  1. ^ ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (15 September 2015).
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外部链接

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=单倍群C-M217&oldid=74500088”