从河流到大海:修订间差异

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建立内容为“'''从河流到大海'''({{Lang-ar|من النهر إلى البحر}} {{Transliteration|ar|min al-nahr ila al-bahr}},{{lang-en|From the river to the sea}})是一个巴勒斯坦的政治口号,也是一些其它政治口号的组成部分。巴勒斯坦民族主义者使用这个口号来主张一个包含约旦河地中海的所有土地(包含现今以色列和巴勒…”的新页面
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2023年10月23日 (一) 06:01的版本

从河流到大海(阿拉伯语:من النهر إلى البحرmin al-nahr ila al-bahr,英語:From the river to the sea)是一个巴勒斯坦的政治口号,也是一些其它政治口号的组成部分。巴勒斯坦民族主义者使用这个口号来主张一个包含约旦河地中海的所有土地(包含现今以色列巴勒斯坦国两国的所有领土)的独立的巴勒斯坦国。

历史

「从河流到大海」是巴勒斯坦解放组织在1964年成立后正式认可的口号。[1]巴解组织最初主张的范围包括以色列1949停战协议中控制的所有领土,包括以色列沿海平原加利利耶斯列谷阿拉伯谷內蓋夫,但不包含约旦控制约旦河西岸地区阿拉伯聯合共和國控制加沙地带[2]

1993年,作为奥斯陆协议的一部分,伊扎克·拉宾亚西尔·阿拉法特交换了以色列-巴勒斯坦解放组织承认书,巴勒斯坦解放组织放弃了这一主张。[3]

哈马斯仍然主张「巴勒斯坦从河流到大海」,但含义不同,而是包含原巴勒斯坦托管地的所有领土。[4][5]

使用

阿拉伯各国领导人在发言中经常使用这一口号,[6][7]在支持巴勒斯坦的示威活动中,游行者也会使用这一口号,[8]并与「巴勒斯坦将获得自由」(英語:Palestine will be free)共同使用。[9][10]伊斯兰教支持者使用的口号则是「巴勒斯坦是伊斯兰的,从河流到大海」(英語:Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea)。[11]

2023年10月12日俄亥俄州哥伦布发生的支持巴勒斯坦的示威

不同政治立场的人士对这一口号有不同的解释。世俗人士认为,这个口号意味着在巴勒斯坦地区建立一个单一的国家,所有宗教的人士都有平等的公民身份。而某些伊斯兰学者宣布,在伊斯兰教的世界末日到来时,马赫迪将宣布「耶路撒冷是阿拉伯穆斯林的,巴勒斯坦——从河流到海洋的全部范围——都是阿拉伯穆斯林的」。[12] [13]

批评

批评者认为,这一口号指出的边界意味着将犹太国家消灭,将这篇土地完全置于阿拉伯人的统治之下。[14]

参考资料

  1. ^ The PNC Program of 1974 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2017-11-15., June 8, 1974. On the site of MidEastWeb for Coexistence R.A. - Middle East Resources. Page includes commentary. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  2. ^ Shemeh, Moshe. The Founding of the PLO 1964. Middle Eastern Studies. [18 October 2023]. “ 'The PLO will not assert any territorial sovereignty over the West Bank, nor over the Gaza Strip…” 
  3. ^ United Nations Maintenance Page. unispal.un.org. (原始内容存档于May 4, 2015). 
  4. ^ The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas). MidEast Web. August 18, 1988 [September 22, 2023]. (原始内容存档于September 1, 2017). 
  5. ^ Nassar, Maha. 'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means. The Forward. December 3, 2018 [December 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 20, 2020). 
  6. ^ Ron Rosenbaum. Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism. Random House Publishing Group. 18 December 2007: 85. ISBN 978-0-307-43281-0. Only two years ago he [Saddam Hussein] declared on Iraqi television: 'Palestine is Arab and must be liberated from the river to the sea and all the Zionists who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave.' 
  7. ^ Alan Dowty. Israel/Palestine. Polity. 2008: 160. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. One exception was Faysal al- Husayni, who stated in his 2001 Beirut speech: 'We may lose or win [tactically] but our eyes will continue to aspire to the strategic goal, namely, to Palestine from the river to the sea.' 
  8. ^ Barry Rubin. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. 25 May 2010: 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. Thus, the MAB slogan 'Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea' is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK ... 
  9. ^ From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future. The Guardian. [2023-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-31). 
  10. ^ The Real Meaning of “From the River to the Sea”. The Jewish Journal. 
  11. ^ Anne Marie Oliver Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara; Paul F. Steinberg Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara. The Road to Martyrs' Square : A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. 1 February 2005: 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. ... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.' 
  12. ^ Bandler, Aaron. Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for 'From the River to the Sea' Tweet. The Jewish Journal. 1 November 2021 [2 November 2021]. (原始内容存档于2 November 2021). 
  13. ^ Cook, David. Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. 1 August 2008: 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam. 
  14. ^ David Patterson. A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. 18 October 2010: 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. ... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state. 

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