性别鉴定：修订间差异

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对于[[两性异形]]的动物而言，可以根据[[生物形态学|形态学]]特征区分其性别，例如大多数哺乳动物可以通过[[外生殖器]]的差异来区分。<ref>{{cite book |last=Kunz |first=Thomas H. |first2=Chris|last2= Wemmer |first3=Virginia |last3=Hayssen |title=Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals |editor1-last=Wilson |editor1-first=DE |editor2-last=Cole |editor2-first=FR |editor3-last=Nichols |editor3-first=JD |editor4-last=Rudran |editor4-first=R. |editor5-last=Foster |editor5-first=MS |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |year=1996 |pages=279–290 |chapter=Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals|url=http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/sexagereproductive1996.pdf}}</ref>部分[[鸟类]]、[[爬行动物]]和[[两栖动物]]没有外部的性别差异，因而需要使用一些辅助技术进行性别鉴定。如在[[动物医学]]上，对于两性同形的鸟类可以在[[麻醉]]或束缚下依靠{{tsl|en|Otoscope|耳鏡}}或{{tsl|en|Fiberscope|纤维内窥镜}}来通过内生殖器鉴定性别，也可以检验血液或粪便样本，通过两性的激素差异来判断性别。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bercovitz |first1=Arden Bryan |title=Bird sexing methods which should you choose? |journal=AFA Watchbird |year=1981 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=18-21}}</ref>而野生动物则可以依靠[[动物行为学|行为]]上的差异来区分。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gunnarsson |first1=Tómas G. |last2=Gill |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Goodacre |first3=Sara L. |last4=Gélinaud |first4=Guillaume |last5=Atkinson |first5=Philip W. |last6=Hewitt |first6=Godfrey M. |last7=Potts |first7=Peter M. |last8=Sutherland |first8=William J. |title=Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques |journal=Bird Study |year=2006 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=193-198 |doi=10.1080/00063650609461433}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ammer |first=F. K. |last2=Wood|first2= P. B. |last3=McPherson|first3= R. J. |year=2008 |title=Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-journal-of-ornithology_2008-03_120_1/page/221 |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1676/07-002.1}}</ref>在[[养殖业]]中，可以翻开雏鸡的[[泄殖腔]]来鉴别其性别，也可以人为控制亲本的性别连锁基因，根据[[伴性遗传]]性状来确定子代的性别。<ref name=chick>{{cite journal |author1=孔少芬 |author2=郑茗 |author3=聂庆华 |title=鸡的早期性别鉴定方法 |journal=养禽与禽病防治 |year=2019 |issue=12 |pages=20-23}}</ref>
对于[[两性异形]]的动物而言，可以根据[[生物形态学|形态学]]特征区分其性别，例如大多数哺乳动物可以通过[[外生殖器]]的差异来区分。<ref>{{cite book |last=Kunz |first=Thomas H. |first2=Chris|last2= Wemmer |first3=Virginia |last3=Hayssen |title=Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals |editor1-last=Wilson |editor1-first=DE |editor2-last=Cole |editor2-first=FR |editor3-last=Nichols |editor3-first=JD |editor4-last=Rudran |editor4-first=R. |editor5-last=Foster |editor5-first=MS |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |year=1996 |pages=279–290 |chapter=Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals|url=http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/sexagereproductive1996.pdf}}</ref>部分[[鸟类]]、[[爬行动物]]和[[两栖动物]]没有外部的性别差异，因而需要使用一些辅助技术进行性别鉴定。如在[[动物医学]]上，对于两性同形的鸟类可以在[[麻醉]]或束缚下依靠{{tsl|en|Otoscope|耳鏡}}或{{tsl|en|Fiberscope|纤维内窥镜}}来通过内生殖器鉴定性别，也可以检验血液或粪便样本，通过两性的激素差异来判断性别。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bercovitz |first1=Arden Bryan |title=Bird sexing methods which should you choose? |journal=AFA Watchbird |year=1981 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=18-21}}</ref>而野生动物则可以依靠[[动物行为学|行为]]上的差异来区分。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gunnarsson |first1=Tómas G. |last2=Gill |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Goodacre |first3=Sara L. |last4=Gélinaud |first4=Guillaume |last5=Atkinson |first5=Philip W. |last6=Hewitt |first6=Godfrey M. |last7=Potts |first7=Peter M. |last8=Sutherland |first8=William J. |title=Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques |journal=Bird Study |year=2006 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=193-198 |doi=10.1080/00063650609461433}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ammer |first=F. K. |last2=Wood|first2= P. B. |last3=McPherson|first3= R. J. |year=2008 |title=Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-journal-of-ornithology_2008-03_120_1/page/221 |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1676/07-002.1}}</ref>在[[养殖业]]中，可以翻开雏鸡的[[泄殖腔]]来鉴别其性别，也可以人为控制亲本的性别连锁基因，根据[[伴性遗传]]性状来确定子代的性别。<ref name=chick>{{cite journal |author1=孔少芬 |author2=郑茗 |author3=聂庆华 |title=鸡的早期性别鉴定方法 |journal=养禽与禽病防治 |year=2019 |issue=12 |pages=20-23}}</ref>


随着[[分子生物学]]技术的发展，'''性别分子鉴定'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=刘铸 |author2=田秀华 |author3=白素英 |title=一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法 |journal=野生动物 |year=2006 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=50-53}}</ref>或称'''分子性别鉴定'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ning |last2=Li|first2= Jianqiang |last3=Liu|first3=Yingying |last4=Zhang|first4= Zhengwang |title=Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species |journal=Chinese Birds |year=2010 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65-69 |doi=10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009}}</ref>（{{lang-en|molecular sexing}}）也相应地产生并应用在养殖业、生物学、法医学、考古学等领域。例如养殖场对雏鸡的性别鉴定、<ref name=chick/>采集野生动物的粪便进行性别鉴定、<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=X. |last3=Lin |first3=Q. |last4=et al. |title=An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples |journal=Conservation Genet Resour |year=2012 |volume=4 |pages=391–393 |doi=10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6}}</ref>鉴定[[非法狩猎]]的猎物的性别、<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zenke |first1=P. |last2=Zorkóczy |first2=O.K. |last3=Lehotzky |first3=P. |last4=Ózsvári |first4=L. |last5=Pádár |first5=Z. |title=Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes |journal=Animals |year=2022 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/ani12030246}}</ref>严重损毁的案件受害者遗体的性别鉴定、<ref name="forensic review">{{cite journal |last1=Maulani |first1=C. |last2=Auerkari |first2=E.I. |title=Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review |journal=Egypt J Forensic Sci |year=2020 |volume=10 |pages=36 |doi=10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6}}</ref>对古人类残骸的性别鉴定<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=P. |last2=Storå |first2=J. |last3=Götherström |first3=A. |last4=Jakobsson |first4=M. |title=Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing |journal=J. Archaeol. Sci. |year=2013 |volume=40 |pages=4477–4482}}</ref>等。常用的分子标记物包括用于人及其它[[哺乳动物]]的{{tsl|en|Amelogenin#Application_in_sex_determination|牙釉质基因}}、[[SRY基因|''SRY'']]、''ZFX''/''ZFY''，<ref name="forensic review"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blagodatskikh |first1=E.G. |last2=Nikitin |first2=A.G. |last3=Seregin |first3=Y.A. |last4=et al. |title=Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker |journal=Mol Biol |year=2010 |volume=44 |pages=568–570 |doi=10.1134/S0026893310040102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=I. |last2=Brenig |first2=B. |title=X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus) |journal=BMC Genet. |year=2005 |volume=6 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-6-16 |pmid=15771775 |pmc=PMC1079817}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seok |first1=SH |last2=Kang |first2=SY |last3=Im |first3=YB |last4=Yoo |first4=HS |last5=Yeon |first5=SC |title=Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea |journal=J Vet Med Sci. |year=2019 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=793-798 |doi=10.1292/jvms.18-0693 |pmid=30944271 |pmc=PMC6541836}}</ref>用于鸟类的''CHD1''（[[古颚类]]除外）、''NIPBL''（所有鸟类）、''RASA1''（[[雉科]]）等。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morinha |first1=F. |last2=Cabral |first2=J. A. |last3=Bastos |first3=E. |title=Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods |journal=Theriogenology |year=2012 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=703-714}}</ref>
随着[[分子生物学]]技术的发展，'''性别分子鉴定'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=刘铸 |author2=田秀华 |author3=白素英 |title=一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法 |journal=野生动物 |year=2006 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=50-53}}</ref>或称'''分子性别鉴定'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ning |last2=Li|first2= Jianqiang |last3=Liu|first3=Yingying |last4=Zhang|first4= Zhengwang |title=Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species |journal=Chinese Birds |year=2010 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65-69 |doi=10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009}}</ref>（{{lang-en|molecular sexing}}）也相应地产生并应用在养殖业、生物学、法医学、考古学等领域。例如养殖场对雏鸡的性别鉴定、<ref name=chick/>采集野生动物的粪便进行性别鉴定、<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=X. |last3=Lin |first3=Q. |last4=et al. |title=An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples |journal=Conservation Genet Resour |year=2012 |volume=4 |pages=391–393 |doi=10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6}}</ref>鉴定[[非法狩猎]]的猎物的性别、<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zenke |first1=P. |last2=Zorkóczy |first2=O.K. |last3=Lehotzky |first3=P. |last4=Ózsvári |first4=L. |last5=Pádár |first5=Z. |title=Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes |journal=Animals |year=2022 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/ani12030246}}</ref>严重损毁的案件受害者遗体的性别鉴定、<ref name="forensic review">{{cite journal |last1=Maulani |first1=C. |last2=Auerkari |first2=E.I. |title=Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review |journal=Egypt J Forensic Sci |year=2020 |volume=10 |pages=36 |doi=10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6}}</ref>对古人类残骸的性别鉴定<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=P. |last2=Storå |first2=J. |last3=Götherström |first3=A. |last4=Jakobsson |first4=M. |title=Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing |journal=J. Archaeol. Sci. |year=2013 |volume=40 |pages=4477–4482}}</ref>等。常用的分子标记物包括用于人及其它[[哺乳动物]]的{{tsl|en|Amelogenin#Application_in_sex_determination|牙釉质基因}}、[[SRY基因|''SRY'']]、''ZFX''/''ZFY''，<ref name="forensic review"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blagodatskikh |first1=E.G. |last2=Nikitin |first2=A.G. |last3=Seregin |first3=Y.A. |last4=et al. |title=Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker |journal=Mol Biol |year=2010 |volume=44 |pages=568–570 |doi=10.1134/S0026893310040102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=I. |last2=Brenig |first2=B. |title=X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus) |journal=BMC Genet. |year=2005 |volume=6 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-6-16 |pmid=15771775 |pmc=1079817}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seok |first1=SH |last2=Kang |first2=SY |last3=Im |first3=YB |last4=Yoo |first4=HS |last5=Yeon |first5=SC |title=Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea |journal=J Vet Med Sci. |year=2019 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=793-798 |doi=10.1292/jvms.18-0693 |pmid=30944271 |pmc=6541836}}</ref>用于鸟类的''CHD1''（[[古颚类]]除外）、''NIPBL''（所有鸟类）、''RASA1''（[[雉科]]）等。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morinha |first1=F. |last2=Cabral |first2=J. A. |last3=Bastos |first3=E. |title=Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods |journal=Theriogenology |year=2012 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=703-714}}</ref>


==参考资料==
==参考资料==

2023年11月22日 (三) 17:10的版本

  提示：此条目页的主题不是胎儿性别鉴定。

性别鉴定（英語：sexing或gender identification）是生物学及农学的技术手段，用于确定人、家禽、家畜或野生动物的性别。

对于两性异形的动物而言，可以根据形态学特征区分其性别，例如大多数哺乳动物可以通过外生殖器的差异来区分。[1]部分鸟类、爬行动物和两栖动物没有外部的性别差异，因而需要使用一些辅助技术进行性别鉴定。如在动物医学上，对于两性同形的鸟类可以在麻醉或束缚下依靠耳鏡（英语：Otoscope）或纤维内窥镜（英语：Fiberscope）来通过内生殖器鉴定性别，也可以检验血液或粪便样本，通过两性的激素差异来判断性别。[2]而野生动物则可以依靠行为上的差异来区分。[3][4]在养殖业中，可以翻开雏鸡的泄殖腔来鉴别其性别，也可以人为控制亲本的性别连锁基因，根据伴性遗传性状来确定子代的性别。[5]

随着分子生物学技术的发展，性别分子鉴定[6]或称分子性别鉴定[7]（英語：molecular sexing）也相应地产生并应用在养殖业、生物学、法医学、考古学等领域。例如养殖场对雏鸡的性别鉴定、[5]采集野生动物的粪便进行性别鉴定、[8]鉴定非法狩猎的猎物的性别、[9]严重损毁的案件受害者遗体的性别鉴定、[10]对古人类残骸的性别鉴定[11]等。常用的分子标记物包括用于人及其它哺乳动物的牙釉质基因（英语：Amelogenin#Application_in_sex_determination）、SRY、ZFX/ZFY，[10][12][13][14]用于鸟类的CHD1（古颚类除外）、NIPBL（所有鸟类）、RASA1（雉科）等。[15]

参考资料

  1. ^ Kunz, Thomas H.; Wemmer, Chris; Hayssen, Virginia. Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals. Wilson, DE; Cole, FR; Nichols, JD; Rudran, R.; Foster, MS (编). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1996: 279–290. 
  2. ^ Bercovitz, Arden Bryan. Bird sexing methods which should you choose?. AFA Watchbird. 1981, 8 (3): 18–21. 
  3. ^ Gunnarsson, Tómas G.; Gill, Jennifer A.; Goodacre, Sara L.; Gélinaud, Guillaume; Atkinson, Philip W.; Hewitt, Godfrey M.; Potts, Peter M.; Sutherland, William J. Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques. Bird Study. 2006, 53 (3): 193–198. doi:10.1080/00063650609461433. 
  4. ^ Ammer, F. K.; Wood, P. B.; McPherson, R. J. Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 2008, 120 (1): 221–225. doi:10.1676/07-002.1. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 孔少芬; 郑茗; 聂庆华. 鸡的早期性别鉴定方法. 养禽与禽病防治. 2019, (12): 20–23. 
  6. ^ 刘铸; 田秀华; 白素英. 一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法. 野生动物. 2006, 27 (3): 50–53. 
  7. ^ Wang, Ning; Li, Jianqiang; Liu, Yingying; Zhang, Zhengwang. Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species. Chinese Birds. 2010, 1 (1): 65–69. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009. 
  8. ^ Huang, X.; Zhou, X.; Lin, Q.; et al. An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples. Conservation Genet Resour. 2012, 4: 391–393. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6. 
  9. ^ Zenke, P.; Zorkóczy, O.K.; Lehotzky, P.; Ózsvári, L.; Pádár, Z. Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes. Animals. 2022, 12 (3): 246. doi:10.3390/ani12030246. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Maulani, C.; Auerkari, E.I. Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2020, 10: 36. doi:10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6. 
  11. ^ Skoglund, P.; Storå, J.; Götherström, A.; Jakobsson, M. Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40: 4477–4482. 
  12. ^ Blagodatskikh, E.G.; Nikitin, A.G.; Seregin, Y.A.; et al. Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker. Mol Biol. 2010, 44: 568–570. doi:10.1134/S0026893310040102. 
  13. ^ Pfeiffer, I.; Brenig, B. X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 2005, 6: 16. PMC 1079817 可免费查阅. PMID 15771775. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-16. 
  14. ^ Seok, SH; Kang, SY; Im, YB; Yoo, HS; Yeon, SC. Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 2019, 81 (5): 793–798. PMC 6541836 可免费查阅. PMID 30944271. doi:10.1292/jvms.18-0693. 
  15. ^ Morinha, F.; Cabral, J. A.; Bastos, E. Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Theriogenology. 2012, 78 (4): 703–714. 
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=性别鉴定&oldid=79838353”