依附理論 (國際政治經濟學)

依附理論（英語：dependency theory），或稱作依附學派（dependency school），是1960年代晚期由拉丁美洲學者所提出的國際關係與發展經濟學理論。其將世界劃分為先進的中心國家與較落後的邊陲國家，後者在世界體系的地位使之受到中心國的盤剝，故得不到發展，或產生腐敗等弊病。

基本理論[編輯]

關於中心/邊陲的界定，其間的機制與效應等問題，學界至今沒有定論，不過依附理論的各流派中仍有共通的幾個命題，簡述如下：

世界分成中心國家與邊陲國家；伊曼紐爾·沃勒斯坦還進一步引入半邊陲國家的概念。
中心由工業國家構成，邊陲國家則向中心國家出口原料，並從事勞力密集產業為主。
邊陲之所以為邊陲，並非因為它是工業化浪潮的後進者（這是新古典主義經濟學的主張），而是在世界市場上受到制約所致，外力包括跨國企業、國際組織（例如國際貨幣基金）等等代表中心國家利益的力量。
因此邊陲國家因不平等交換的依附關係而無法翻身，中心國家則透過此關係維持較高所得及外貿優勢，使中心國家與邊陲國家差距難以縮小。

因此，以國內市場為主、減少外國資金挹入，調整產業結構以符合內需市場或較激進的社會革命是依附理論對邊陲國家所提出的建議。

簡史[編輯]

依附理論首先是作為現代化理論的反面在1950-60年代出世的，其提倡者是阿根廷經濟學家勞爾·普雷維什。根據古典經濟學，國際貿易會讓各國達到比較優勢，相互得益，但是普雷維什在拉丁美洲經濟委員會研究拉丁美洲的實際發展，引出了相反的結論：窮國財富的減少與著富國財富的增加一致。Paul Baran根據馬克思主義政治經濟學完善了他的理論，此後各家蜂起。德裔經濟學家安德烈·岡德·法蘭克使之成為馬克思主義的一支，Theotonio Dos Santos考慮邊陲國對內及對外的關係，創建了「新依附理論」。巴西前總統費爾南多·恩里克·卡多佐在流亡期間曾寫過許多相關論著。伊曼紐爾·沃勒斯坦則進一步發展其中的馬克思主義面向，稱之為世界體系理論。

爭議[編輯]

依附理論遭到自由市場的鼓吹者反擊，他們主張依附理論的藥方將造成腐敗及競爭不足等問題，印度與亞洲四小龍的崛起也不合乎依附理論的預測。另一些學者則指出亞洲四小龍都曾實施進口替代政策，美援的因素也不容忽視^[1]。

依附發展理論是依附理論的流派之一，它主張跨國資本能在窮國的內需市場上牟利，所以邊陲也能得到部份的發展，但是這往往是以腐敗或社會兩極分化為代價的。

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Hartman, John and Pamela B. Walters 1985: Dependence, military assistance and development: a cross national study, Politics and Society 14, 431-58 .

相關文獻[編輯]

Amin S. (1976), 'Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism' New York: Monthly Review Press.
Amin S. (1994c), 'Re-reading the postwar period: an intellectual itinerary' Translated by Michael Wolfers. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Amin S. (1997b), 'Die Zukunft des Weltsystems. Herausforderungen der Globalisierung. Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke' Hamburg: VSA.
Bornschier V. (1976), 'Wachstum, Konzentration und Multinationalisierung von Industrieunternehmen' Frauenfeld and Stuttgart: Huber.
Bornschier V. (1996), 'Western society in transition' New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
Bornschier V. and Chase - Dunn Ch. K (1985), 'Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment' N.Y., N.Y.: Praeger.
Köhler G. and Tausch A. (2002) Global Keynesianism: Unequal exchange and global exploitation. Huntington NY, Nova Science.
Sunkel O. (1966), 'The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America' Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 97, 1: pp. 22 ff.
Sunkel O. (1973), 'El subdesarrollo latinoamericano y la teoria del desarrollo' Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 6a edicion.
Tausch A. (1993, with Fred Prager as co-author), 'Towards a Socio - Liberal Theory of World Development' Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's Press.
Tausch A. and Peter Herrmann (2002) Globalization and European Integration. Huntington NY, Nova Science.
Yotopoulos P. A. (1966),『Economic analysis and economic policy』. Edited by Pan A. Yotopoulos. Contributors: Arthur S. Goldberger [and others]. Athens [Center of Planning and Economic Research] (Center of Planning and Economic Research. Training seminar series, 6).
Yotopoulos P. A. (1967),『Allocative efficiency in economic development; a cross section analysis of Epirus farming』Athens [Center of Planning and Economic Research] (Center of Planning and Economic Research. Research monograph series, 18).
Yotopoulos P. A. (1977),『The population problem and the development solution』Stanford, Calif.: Food Research Institute, Stanford University, (Food Research Institute studies; v. 16, no. 1).
Yotopoulos P. A. (1984),『Middle income classes and food crises』Athens: Centre of Planning and Economic Research, (Papers / Centre of Planning and Economic Research; 5).
Yotopoulos P. A. (1989a),『Distributions of real income: Within countries and by world income classes』. The Review of income and wealth, no. 4, pp. 357 ff. .
Yotopoulos P. A. (1989b),『The (Rip) Tide of Privatization: Lessons from Chile.』World development, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 683 ff. .
Yotopoulos P. A. (1989c),『The meta-production function approach to technological change in world agriculture.』Journal of development economics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 241 ff. .
Yotopoulos P. A. (1996),『Exchange rate parity for trade and development: theory, tests, and case studies』Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Yotopoulos P. A. (1997a),『Financial crises and the benefits of mildly repressed exchange rates』Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics, Economic Research Institute, (Working paper series in economics and finance; no. 202, October 1997).
Yotopoulos P. A. (1997b),『Food security, gender and population』New York, NY: United Nations Population Fund,『E/850/1997』.
Yotopoulos P. A. (2004),『The Success of the Euro, Globalization, and the EU Enlargement』University of Florence，可自由下載: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075441/http://www.ceistorvergata.it/conferenze%26convegni/mondragone/XVI_papers/paper-yotopoulos2.pdf .
Yotopoulos P. A. and Floro S. L. (1992),『Income distribution, transaction costs and market fragmentation in informal credit markets.』Cambridge journal of economics, 1992, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 303 ff.
Yotopoulos P. A. and Lin J. Y. (1993),『Purchasing Power Parities for Taiwan: The Basic Data for 1985 and International Comparisons.』Journal of economic development, 1993, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 7 ff.
Yotopoulos P. A., Nugent J. B. (1976),『Economics of development: empirical investigations』New York: Harper & Row.
Yotopoulos P. and Sawada Y. (2005),『Exchange Rate Misalignment: A New test of Long-Run PPP Based on Cross-Country Data』CIRJE Discussion Paper CIRJE-F-318, February 2005, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo，可自由下載: https://web.archive.org/web/20080227102020/http://www.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cirje/research/dp/2005/2005cf318.pdf

外部連結[編輯]

[1] Hartman, John and Pamela B. Walters 1985: Dependence, military assistance and development: a cross national study, Politics and Society 14, 431-58 .

[1]