協同效應

協同效應又稱加乘性（英語：synergy）、協助作用（英語：synergism）、協助效應、協同作用或加成作用、加乘作用^[1]，指「一加一大於二」的效應。例如商業環境，市場或企業併購，有可能產生互補不足，雙劍合璧的協同效應。

協同效應在其他領域也可以發揮，例如醫藥、人事管理、電腦程式、傳媒等。例如在醫藥領域，是指兩種或兩種以上的物质經相互混合後，其效果大于每一种物质单独起到的作用效果的现象。如两种或两种以上的毒物经相互混合后，其毒性增加，死亡率高于预期的百分比，则此作用称为协助作用。

舉例

可待因止痛劑與安非他命可增強其止痛效果。
吸菸與飲酒、嚼食檳榔等加速癌症之生成。
吸菸可增加因石綿而造成的癌症機率。吸煙與石棉這兩種致癌風險在引致肺癌上具有協同作用，^[2]它們的同時存在會大大增加患肺癌機會。^[3]

一般來說，與單一接觸相比，同時接觸多於一種的肺癌致癌物（如多環芳烴、六價鉻、鎳和可吸入結晶二氧化矽）會導致更高的肺癌風險，因此消除及降低工作場所與一般環境中的致癌物質之接觸十分重要。^[4]

文內注釋

^ synergism - 協同作用、加成作用. [2014-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.
^ 職業性肺癌、喉癌及間皮細胞瘤認定參考指引 (PDF). 高雄市政府全球資訊網 orgws.kcg.gov.tw. [2026-02-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-12）. 吸菸與石綿暴露對肺癌發生有協同效應。當有較明確的石綿暴露證據時，應主張其肺癌主要由石綿引起（可能性大於50%）……
^ van Zandwijk, Nico; Frank, Arthur L.; Reid, Glen; Dimitri Røe, Oluf; Amos, Christopher I. Asbestos-Related lung Cancer: An underappreciated oncological issue. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2024-08, 194 [2025-07-30]. ISSN 1872-8332. PMID 39003938. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107861. smoking tobacco on top of asbestos inhalation leads to a more than additive, almost full synergistic stimulation of carcinogenesis ... Epidemiological studies from the 1960-70ies showed that asbestos alone was capable to induce lung cancer, but acted multiplicative or synergistically with tobacco smoke to increase the risk of lung cancer from 10 to 100 fold ...
^ Olsson, Ann; Bouaoun, Liacine; Schüz, Joachim; Vermeulen, Roel; Behrens, Thomas; Ge, Calvin; Kromhout, Hans; Siemiatycki, Jack; Gustavsson, Per; Boffetta, Paolo; Kendzia, Benjamin. Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pairs of Five Lung Carcinogens: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2024-01, 132 (1) [2025-07-30]. doi:10.1289/EHP13380. （原始内容存档于2025-03-29）. We show that most co-exposure to the selected lung carcinogens result in higher risk compared to individual exposures that underline the importance to eliminate or reduce and control exposures to carcinogens in workplaces and the general environment.

參考文獻

嘉藥資訊檢索起始平台

外部連結

[1] synergism - 協同作用、加成作用. [2014-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.

[2] 職業性肺癌、喉癌及間皮細胞瘤認定參考指引 (PDF). 高雄市政府全球資訊網 orgws.kcg.gov.tw. [2026-02-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-12）. 吸菸與石綿暴露對肺癌發生有協同效應。當有較明確的石綿暴露證據時，應主張其肺癌主要由石綿引起（可能性大於50%）……

[3] van Zandwijk, Nico; Frank, Arthur L.; Reid, Glen; Dimitri Røe, Oluf; Amos, Christopher I. Asbestos-Related lung Cancer: An underappreciated oncological issue. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2024-08, 194 [2025-07-30]. ISSN 1872-8332. PMID 39003938. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107861. smoking tobacco on top of asbestos inhalation leads to a more than additive, almost full synergistic stimulation of carcinogenesis ... Epidemiological studies from the 1960-70ies showed that asbestos alone was capable to induce lung cancer, but acted multiplicative or synergistically with tobacco smoke to increase the risk of lung cancer from 10 to 100 fold ...

[4] Olsson, Ann; Bouaoun, Liacine; Schüz, Joachim; Vermeulen, Roel; Behrens, Thomas; Ge, Calvin; Kromhout, Hans; Siemiatycki, Jack; Gustavsson, Per; Boffetta, Paolo; Kendzia, Benjamin. Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pairs of Five Lung Carcinogens: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2024-01, 132 (1) [2025-07-30]. doi:10.1289/EHP13380. （原始内容存档于2025-03-29）. We show that most co-exposure to the selected lung carcinogens result in higher risk compared to individual exposures that underline the importance to eliminate or reduce and control exposures to carcinogens in workplaces and the general environment.

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舉例

相關條目

文內注釋

參考文獻

外部連結