抗輻射奇異球菌

抗輻射奇異球菌
	抗輻射奇異球菌
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
界：	细菌界 Bacteria
门：	奇异球菌门 Deinococcota
纲：	异常球菌纲 Deinococci
目：	奇异球菌目 Deinococcales
科：	奇异球菌科 Deinococcaceae
属：	奇异球菌属 Deinococcus
种：	抗輻射奇異球菌 D. radiodurans
二名法
	Deinococcus radiodurans; Brooks & Murray, 1981

抗輻射奇異球菌（学名：Deinococcus radiodurans）又称耐辐射奇球菌，是奇异球菌门异常球菌纲奇异球菌科奇异球菌属的一種對輻射有免疫力的嗜極生物，可以承受能殺死人類3000倍和蟑螂無法抵抗的15倍輻射，也可在充满辐射的外太空存活3年。该菌具有超强的DNA损伤修复能力以及多种高效抗氧化系统的协同作用，使其能够在数小时内高效而精准地修复同一个基因组中产生的多达100个以上的DNA双链断裂^[1]。

进化与起源[编辑]

一般认为, 嗜極生物所具有的环境适应性来自于其所生存的特殊环境, 然而地球历史上并没有长期存在强烈辐射的特殊时期，对具有超强辐射抗性的耐辐射奇球菌在进化上的认识存在不同的观点^[1]。

天外来客学说[编辑]

「天外来客」学说认为耐辐射奇球菌可能源自于其他星球，比如火星，随着陨石等外来物质落入地球而在地球上出现^[1]。这一假说最早由俄罗斯空间生物学研究中心的科学家于2003年在欧洲地球物理学会年会提出，并得到了一定的支持^[1]。实验证据显示，耐辐射奇球菌在外太空环境中具有长期存活的能力，甚至可以承受长达45年的星际旅行^[2]^[3]。此外，模拟火星表面环境的实验也证实了耐辐射奇球菌对于极端环境的适应性^[4]。

干旱协同进化学说[编辑]

「干旱协同进化」学说认为耐辐射奇球菌起源于地球，并在长时间的干旱环境中逐步演化出了其超强的DNA损伤修复能力，从而形成了其抗辐射的特性^[5]^[6]。这一学说得到了大量的研究支持，因为耐辐射奇球菌不仅在辐射环境下具备生存能力，还能在干燥条件下长期存活^[5]。其与其他在干旱环境下生存的微生物表现出相似的特征（如拟甲色球藻属成员），进一步支持了这一假说^[7]。

参考文献[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Zha, QingQiao; Zhao, Ye. Radiation-resistance mechanism and potential utilization of extremely radioresistant bacterium <italic>Deinococcus radiodurans</italic>. SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae. 2024-03-01, 54 (3): 469–481. doi:10.1360/SSV-2023-0062.
^ Yamagishi, Akihiko; Kawaguchi, Yuko; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Yano, Hajime; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi. Environmental Data and Survival Data of Deinococcus aetherius from the Exposure Facility of the Japan Experimental Module of the International Space Station Obtained by the Tanpopo Mission. Astrobiology. 2018-11-01, 18 (11): 1369–1374. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1751.
^ Kawaguchi, Yuko; Shibuya, Mio; Kinoshita, Iori; Yatabe, Jun; Narumi, Issay; Shibata, Hiromi; Hayashi, Risako; Fujiwara, Daisuke; Murano, Yuka; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi; Mita, Hajime; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Yamagishi, Akihiko. DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020-08-26, 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050.
^ Horne, William H.; Volpe, Robert P.; Korza, George; DePratti, Sarah; Conze, Isabel H.; Shuryak, Igor; Grebenc, Tine; Matrosova, Vera Y.; Gaidamakova, Elena K.; Tkavc, Rok; Sharma, Ajay; Gostinčar, Cene; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Hoffman, Brian M.; Setlow, Peter; Daly, Michael J. Effects of Desiccation and Freezing on Microbial Ionizing Radiation Survivability: Considerations for Mars Sample Return. Astrobiology. 2022-11-01, 22 (11): 1337–1350. doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0065.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mattimore, V; Battista, J R. Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation. Journal of Bacteriology. 1996-02, 178 (3): 633–637. ISSN 0021-9193. doi:10.1128/jb.178.3.633-637.1996 （英语）.
^ Cox, Michael M.; Battista, John R. Deinococcus radiodurans — the consummate survivor. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2005-11, 3 (11): 882–892. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1264.
^ Billi, Daniela; Friedmann, E. Imre; Hofer, Kurt G.; Caiola, Maria Grilli; Ocampo-Friedmann, Roseli. Ionizing-Radiation Resistance in the Desiccation-Tolerant Cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000-04, 66 (4): 1489–1492. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.4.1489-1492.2000.

外部連結[编辑]

这是一篇與细菌相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[SSV-2023-0062-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Zha, QingQiao; Zhao, Ye. Radiation-resistance mechanism and potential utilization of extremely radioresistant bacterium <italic>Deinococcus radiodurans</italic>. SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae. 2024-03-01, 54 (3): 469–481. doi:10.1360/SSV-2023-0062.

[2] Yamagishi, Akihiko; Kawaguchi, Yuko; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Yano, Hajime; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi. Environmental Data and Survival Data of Deinococcus aetherius from the Exposure Facility of the Japan Experimental Module of the International Space Station Obtained by the Tanpopo Mission. Astrobiology. 2018-11-01, 18 (11): 1369–1374. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1751.

[3] Kawaguchi, Yuko; Shibuya, Mio; Kinoshita, Iori; Yatabe, Jun; Narumi, Issay; Shibata, Hiromi; Hayashi, Risako; Fujiwara, Daisuke; Murano, Yuka; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi; Mita, Hajime; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Yamagishi, Akihiko. DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020-08-26, 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050.

[4] Horne, William H.; Volpe, Robert P.; Korza, George; DePratti, Sarah; Conze, Isabel H.; Shuryak, Igor; Grebenc, Tine; Matrosova, Vera Y.; Gaidamakova, Elena K.; Tkavc, Rok; Sharma, Ajay; Gostinčar, Cene; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Hoffman, Brian M.; Setlow, Peter; Daly, Michael J. Effects of Desiccation and Freezing on Microbial Ionizing Radiation Survivability: Considerations for Mars Sample Return. Astrobiology. 2022-11-01, 22 (11): 1337–1350. doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0065.

[jb.178.3.633-637.1996-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Mattimore, V; Battista, J R. Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation. Journal of Bacteriology. 1996-02, 178 (3): 633–637. ISSN 0021-9193. doi:10.1128/jb.178.3.633-637.1996 （英语）.

[6] Cox, Michael M.; Battista, John R. Deinococcus radiodurans — the consummate survivor. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2005-11, 3 (11): 882–892. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1264.

[7] Billi, Daniela; Friedmann, E. Imre; Hofer, Kurt G.; Caiola, Maria Grilli; Ocampo-Friedmann, Roseli. Ionizing-Radiation Resistance in the Desiccation-Tolerant Cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000-04, 66 (4): 1489–1492. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.4.1489-1492.2000.

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