假種皮

假種皮（aril, arillus），亦作臨時種皮、種衣，是一種附著於種子表面，將種子外側覆蓋起來的構造。相較於種皮為珠被發育而成，假種皮常由珠柄（種子與子房相連的構造，又稱胎座）發育而成，也可能來自胚珠的其他部分（如珠孔），後者有時亦被稱為擬假種皮（arillode, false aril）^[1]^[2]。假種皮通常如果肉般顏色鮮豔且肉質可食^[3]，可吸引動物取食以協助傳播種子^[4]，如龍眼、荔枝、榴蓮^[5]^[6]與阿開木等可食用部份就是假種皮。

此外，裸子植物的種子沒有子房保護，那些純粹由其假種皮發育出來的果實屬於假果，如紅豆杉、核果杉（英语：Prumnopitys）與紐西蘭雞毛松等裸子植物的果實皆屬之。

實例

歐洲的東北紅豆杉的種子是假種皮的典型例子，其種子紅色膨大的構造即為假種皮，假種皮初時為種子基部的綠色構造，隨著種子的發育漸轉為棕色或紅色，並包覆整個種子，左圖成熟的紅色種子兩旁是未成熟的種子。紐西蘭雞毛松為紐西蘭的原生植物，其假種皮發育成的果實稱為koroi，曾為毛利人的食物來源^[7]^[8]。

歐洲的東北紅豆杉的紅色的肉質假種皮包裹的種子
肉豆蔻種子表面的假種皮
紐西蘭雞毛松種子的假種皮
榴蓮可食的部分為假種皮

參見

肉質種皮（英语：Sarcotesta）：亦為種子表面的肉質構造，但其為外珠被發育而成，如蘇鐵、石榴、木瓜的種子^[9]^[10]^[11]

參考資料

^ Beentje, H.; Williamson, J., The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew（英语：Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew）: Kew Publishing, 2010
^ Robert Bentley. A Manual of Botany: Including the Structure, Classification, Properties, Uses, and Functions of Plants. J. & A. Churchill. 1882: 329.
^ Eduard Strasburger, Heinrich Schenck, Ludwig Jost, George Karsten. A text-book of botany. Macmillan. 1912: 517.
^ Marshall, C. Fruit and Seed Production. 1992-04-30. ISBN 9780521373500.
^ Brown, Michael J. Durio – A Bibliographic Review (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 1997: 35 [2011-06-12]. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-13）.
^ 郭華仁. 種子學. 國立臺灣大學出版中心. 2015: 13. ISBN 9863501131.
^ Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea) description. conifers.org. 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）. 'The small fruit (koroi) are superabundant and highly nutritious. The birds ate them and flocked for miles to do so.
^ Kahikatea, Dacrycarpus. web.auckland.ac.nz. 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-12）. The juicy, swollen, red stalk which holds the seed is known as koroi.
^ Dahlgren, R. And R. F. Thorne. The order Myrtales: circumscription, variation, and relationships. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71: 633–699 [2019-05-04]. doi:10.2307/2399158. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）.
^ Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. 2008: 138. ISBN 0851996388.
^ Teri Dunn Chace, Robert Llewellyn. Seeing Seeds: A Journey into the World of Seedheads, Pods, and Fruit. Timber Press. 2015: 25. ISBN 160469713X.

[1] Beentje, H.; Williamson, J., The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew（英语：Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew）: Kew Publishing, 2010

[2] Robert Bentley. A Manual of Botany: Including the Structure, Classification, Properties, Uses, and Functions of Plants. J. & A. Churchill. 1882: 329.

[3] Eduard Strasburger, Heinrich Schenck, Ludwig Jost, George Karsten. A text-book of botany. Macmillan. 1912: 517.

[4] Marshall, C. Fruit and Seed Production. 1992-04-30. ISBN 9780521373500.

[bioversityinternational-5] Brown, Michael J. Durio – A Bibliographic Review (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 1997: 35 [2011-06-12]. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-13）.

[6] 郭華仁. 種子學. 國立臺灣大學出版中心. 2015: 13. ISBN 9863501131.

[7] Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea) description. conifers.org. 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）. 'The small fruit (koroi) are superabundant and highly nutritious. The birds ate them and flocked for miles to do so.

[8] Kahikatea, Dacrycarpus. web.auckland.ac.nz. 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-12）. The juicy, swollen, red stalk which holds the seed is known as koroi.

[9] Dahlgren, R. And R. F. Thorne. The order Myrtales: circumscription, variation, and relationships. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71: 633–699 [2019-05-04]. doi:10.2307/2399158. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12）.

[10] Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. 2008: 138. ISBN 0851996388.

[11] Teri Dunn Chace, Robert Llewellyn. Seeing Seeds: A Journey into the World of Seedheads, Pods, and Fruit. Timber Press. 2015: 25. ISBN 160469713X.

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