統一俄羅斯

統一俄羅斯
統一俄羅斯; Единая Россия
	統一俄羅斯标志
主席	德米特里·阿纳托利耶维奇·梅德韦杰夫
创始人	謝爾蓋·紹伊古、尤里·米哈伊洛維奇·盧日科夫、明季梅爾·沙里波維奇·沙伊米耶夫
成立	2001年12月1日
合并自	团结; 祖国－全俄罗斯
青年组织	统一俄罗斯青年卫队
党员	2,073,772
意識形態	国家主义; 俄罗斯民族主义; 普京主义; 民族保守主义; 社會保守主义; 民粹主义
政治立場	大帳篷
国内组织	全俄人民阵线
欧洲组织	无
国际组织	无
官方色彩	白色、蓝色和红色
国家杜马	341 / 450 （76%）
地区议会	3,091 / 3,994 （77%）
官方网站
	er.ru
	俄羅斯政治; 政党 · 选举

統一俄羅斯（俄語：Единая Россия）是俄羅斯目前的執政黨。它成立于2001年4月，是由尤里·米哈伊洛维奇·卢日科夫、叶夫根尼·马克西莫维奇·普里马科夫和明季梅尔·沙里波维奇·沙伊米耶夫領導的“祖国－全俄罗斯”联盟與谢尔盖·库茹盖托维奇·绍伊古、亞歷山大·古洛夫和運動員出身亞歷山大·卡列林為首的“团结”党合併而成。俄羅斯總統普京曾任該党主席，现仍与其关系紧密。俄罗斯联邦安全会议副主席梅德韋杰夫为該黨主席。

历史

統一俄羅斯黨在俄羅斯算是比較新的政黨，但因為普京的高人氣，使其在地方與聯邦選舉中有很好的成果。在2003年俄羅斯議會選舉之中，該黨得到37%的支持率。2005年1月，該黨擁有全議會450席中的305席，達到了「宪法多数」。統一俄羅斯黨也在俄羅斯聯邦委員會（上議院）中178個代表中擁有88名代表席次。在2004年總統選舉，統一俄羅斯黨支持普京，并有助于他的胜利。

普京政府任職的部長、許多地區的首長以及其他在整個俄羅斯聯邦政府高級官員都是該黨的黨員。根據官方網站宣稱^[13]，到2007年7月20日時已經有1,530,000名黨員。根據統一俄羅斯黨自己在2005年9月20日登記的資料，那個時候該黨在全俄羅斯就有2,600個地方黨部與29,856個小辦事處。

2007年俄罗斯国家杜马选举中該黨被指控多次進行俄羅斯憲法所禁止、違反選舉法的選舉犯罪活動^[14]。2011年国家杜马選舉中該黨取得238個席次。2016年国家杜马選舉中該黨取得343個席次。

选举结果

總統

選舉年	參選人	首輪		次輪
選舉年	參選人	得票	得票率	得票	得票率
2004	弗拉基米尔·普京	49,565,238	71.3%（當選）
2008	德米特里·梅德韦杰夫	52,530,712	71.2%（當選）
2012	弗拉基米尔·普京	46,602,075	63.6%（當選）
2018	弗拉基米尔·普京	56,430,712	76.69%（當選）

國家杜馬

年	得票	得票率	議席
2003	22,779,279	37.6%	225 / 450
2007	44,714,241	64.3%	315 / 450
2011^[15]	32,448,000	49.3%	238 / 450
2016	28,271,600	54.1%	343 / 450

结构

历届领导人

党主席	就职时间
黨首集体领导	2001年10月1日—2005年4月15日
鲍里斯·格雷兹洛夫	2005年4月15日—2007年12月31日
弗拉基米尔·普京	2007年12月31日—2012年5月30日
德米特里·梅德韦杰夫	2012年5月30日—

腐败争议

统一俄罗斯党被一些人批评为和俄罗斯的腐败现状有极大的关系。有三分之一的俄罗斯人甚至赞同称统一俄罗斯党为“一个充满着骗子和盗贼的党”^[16]。

參考文獻

^ 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.
^ Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6.
^ Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.
^ Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3.
^ de Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26].
^ Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .
^ Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11].
^ Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. United Russia ... espouses “social conservatism”
^ SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 17 January 2020. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
^ Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 26 October 2007 [27 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于27 March 2018）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'
^ Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 23 November 2009 [27 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于29 July 2017）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.
^ Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [27 March 2018]. ISBN 9788567901053. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
^ （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-04-09.
^ （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php
^ United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)
^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204903804577080122299864722.html

外部連結

[1] 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.

[2] Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6.

[Laruelle2009-3] Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.

[Sakwa2013-4] Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3.

[5] Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26].

[6] Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .

[7] Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11].

[8] Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. United Russia ... espouses “social conservatism”

[9] SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 17 January 2020. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.

[Position_1-10] Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 26 October 2007 [27 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于27 March 2018）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'

[Position_2-11] Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 23 November 2009 [27 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于29 July 2017）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.

[Positon_3-12] Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [27 March 2018]. ISBN 9788567901053. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.

[13] （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-04-09.

[14] （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php

[15] United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)

[16] ttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204903804577080122299864722.html

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