意外发现
意外发现(Serendipity)是指某人发现了他原先没有期待发现的事物或现象。英文原词是“Serendipity”,这个英文单词曾在2004年6月被一家英国翻译公司评选为十大最难翻译的单词[1] ,不过,这个单词已经被转译成多个语言[2] 。单词可以简单的理解为幸福的意外(happy accident)或愉快的惊喜(pleasant surprise)。
科学技术中的意外发现
科学意外发现的一个例子是亚历山大·弗莱明,他不小心在细菌培养皿留下一个金黄色葡萄球菌的孢子,后来周围的细菌被杀死,从而“意外发现”霉菌具有杀菌作用。
另外一个例子是物理学家威廉·伦琴,他在研究真空管中的高压放电效应时,用纸板覆盖住铝窗口保护它不被产生阴极射线的强电场区破坏,虽然光亮未穿透纸板,但是附近的荧光屏却开始发光。经过进一步实验,“意外发现”了X射线。
还比如,硫化橡胶是考察橡胶高低温时,滴到火炉上发现了橡胶硫化稳定态;聚四氟乙烯用于不粘锅,是研究新型制冷剂过程中意外发现; 微波炉,是美国工程师Percy Spencer在磁控管前工作,口袋中的巧克力棒食物软化的意外发现;万艾可最初是用于帮助减轻胸痛和高血压;儿童玩具培乐多泥胶,原来是研究壁纸清洁剂;糖精是化学工作者未洗手午饭时的意外发现。
虽然类似“意外发现”的例子可以举出很多,然而,并不是所有的科学新发现都被历史记录为“意外发现”,它们往往会被人质疑,例如,有人就否认人类大脑边缘系统的自我刺激领域是一个“意外发现”。[3]
相關影視
註釋
- ^ Words hardest to translate — The list by Today Translations.. Global Oneness. 21 April 2009. (原始内容存档于2009年1月25日).
- ^ 例如: 葡萄牙语 serendipicidade or serendipidade; 法语 sérendipicité or sérendipité but also heureux hasard, "fortunate chance"; 意大利语 serendipità (Italian Dictionary Hoepli, cfr. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); 荷兰语 serendipiteit; 德语 Serendipität; 日语 serendipiti (セレンディピティ); 瑞典语, 丹麦语和 挪威语 serendipitet; 罗马尼亚语 serendipitate; 西班牙语 serendipia, Polish: Serendypność; 芬兰语 serendipiteetti
- ^ Baumeister, A.A. Serendipity and the cerebral localization of pleasure. Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University. [1 November 2010].
參考文獻
- "The view from Serendip", by Arthur C. Clarke, Random House, 1977.
- "Momentum and Serendipity: how acquired leaders create value in the integration of technology firms", by Melissa E. Graebner, McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. 2004.
- Serendipity is also a popular 'Feed the beast & Technic' server, 'Feed the beast' is a "modpack" of the game Minecraft. The owner tubby is frequently plagued by zemblanity.
延伸閱讀
- Solomon, Y., & Bronstein, J. (2016). Serendipity in legal information seeking behavior: Chance encounters of family-law advocates with court rulings (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Aslib Journal of Information Management, 68(1), 112-134. doi: 10.1108/AJIM-04-2015-0056.
- Solomon, Y. (2017). Temporal aspects of info-serendipity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Temporalités - Revue de Sciences Sociales et Humaines, 24, paper 3523.
- Remer, Theodore G. (编). Serendipity and the Three Princes, from the Peregrinaggio of 1557. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Theodore G. Remer. Preface by W. S. Lewis. University of Oklahoma Press. 1965. LCC 65-10112
- Merton, Robert K.; Barber, Elinor. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science. Princeton University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-691-11754-3. (Manuscript written 1958).
- Frédéric Darbellay et al., Interdisciplinary Research Boosted by Serendipity, Creativity Research Journal, Volume 26, Issue 1, 2014.
- Hannan, Patrick J. Serendipity, Luck and Wisdom in Research. iUniverse. 2006. ISBN 0-595-36551-5.
- Roberts, Royston M. Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science. Wiley. 1989. ISBN 0-471-60203-5.
- Andel, Pek Van. Anatomy of the unsought finding : serendipity: origin, history, domains, traditions, appearances, patterns and programmability. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 1994, 45 (2): 631–648. doi:10.1093/bjps/45.2.631.
- Gaughan, Richard. Accidental Genius: The World's Greatest By-Chance Discoveries. Metro Books. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4351-2557-5.
- Serendipity and the Internet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from Bill Thompson at the BBC
- Serendipity of Science – a BBC Radio 4 series by Simon Singh
- Psychology today's main article about serendipity
參見
外部連結
查看维基词典中的词条「serendipity」。
- Accidental discoveries (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). PBS
- Top Ten: Accidental discoveries. Discovery Channel. [2016-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-11).
- Accidental Genius Book[永久失效連結] – anecdotes of serendipitous scientific discoveries.
- ACM Paper on Creating serendipitous encounters in a geographically distributed community.
- Serendipitous Information Retrieval : An Academic Research Publication by Elaine G. Toms (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Programming for Serendipity – AAAI Technical Report FS-02-01 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Serendipity Equations (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)