单倍群O-M175

**单倍群O-M122**
单倍群O-M122
起源时间	约3万年前
共祖年代	{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地	东亚南部
上游单倍群	单倍群O-M175
对应突变	M122

**单倍群O-M175**
单倍群O-M175
起源时间	①距今36800年 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300]（YFull）; ; ②距今41900年 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202]（Karmin 2015）; ; ③距今44700或38300年
共祖年代	①距今31200年 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull); ; ②距今34042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942]年（Karmin 2015）; ; ③根据突变率为距今35000或30000年
起源地	东亚南部
上游单倍群	NO
下游单倍群	一级：; O1（O-F265）；O2（O-M122）; 二级：; O1a（英语：Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)）（O-M119）；O1b（英语：haplogroup O-P31 (Y-DNA)）（O-M268）；; O2a （O-M324）；O2b（O-F742）
对应突变	M175（和一些SNP）。

单倍群O（O-M175）是一个人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群，与单倍群N共同源于单倍群NO，主要分布于东亚、东南亚、太平洋岛屿、马达加斯加、中亚、南亚等。

起源

单倍群O源自单位群NO-M214，首次出现于距今约3-4万年前，首次出现的地点可能是南亚或东亚^[5] ^[6]。

分布

单倍群O分布于东亚、东南亚、密克罗尼西亚群岛、美拉尼西亚、波利尼西亚、马达加斯加、中亚、南亚等。由单倍群O分出的两个下游单倍群分别为O-F265与O-M122。

O-F265单倍群的ISOGG名称为O1，分O1a(O-M119)与O1b(O-M268)。下游支系如O1a-M119单倍群主要分布在中国偏东南部、马来群岛偏东北部、美拉尼西亚偏东部岛屿、非洲东南部的马达加斯加岛等地，O1b1a1-PK4主要分布在中国偏西南部、中南半岛、马来群岛偏西南部等地，O1b1a2-Page59主要分布在中国东部沿海省份与北方，O1b2-P49主要分布在朝鲜半岛、日本列岛等地。

O-M122单倍群的ISOGG名称为O2，分O2a(O-M324)与O2b(O-F742)。下游支系如O2a2a-M188主要分布在中国偏南部、东南亚等，O2a2a1a1b2b2-MF114497主要分布在在朝鲜半岛、日本列岛等地，O2a2a1a2-M7主要分布在苗瑶语族人群，O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114是汉族主要的单倍群之一，也常见于如朝鲜族、满族、赫哲族、锡伯族、漠南蒙古、土族等东亚民族，M117也常见于藏缅语族人群，例如缅族、彝族与藏族等，F114下游的O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1b-Y22279在哈萨克族乃蛮部中高频分布，O2a2b2-AM01822主要分布在中国华北偏东部、波利尼西亚、菲律宾等地，O2b-F742主要分布于中国东部沿海省份等地。

系统树(O-M175)

以下系统树主要基于ISOGG于2017年的分类(wer.12.244)：^[7]与Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2019-2020

O1（F265/M1354）

O1a(旧O1) (M119)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
  - O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
    - O1a1a1 (F446)
      - O1a1a1a (F140)
        O1a1a1a1 (F78)
        O1a1a1a1a (F81)
        O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
        O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
        
        O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
        
        O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
        O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
        O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
        O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
        
        O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
      - O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
        O1a1a1b1 (M101)
        
        O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
        O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
        O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
    - O1a1a2 (CTS52)
      - O1a1a2a (CTS701)
        O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
  - O1a1b (CTS5726)
- O1a2 (M110)
  - O1a2a (F3288)
    - O1a2a1 (B392)
      - O1a2a1a (B393)
- O1a3 (Page109)
O1b(旧O2) (M268)
- O1b1 (F2320)
  - O1b1a (M1470)
    - O1b1a1 (PK4)
      - O1b1a1a(旧O2a) (M95)
        O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
        O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
        O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
        O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
        
        O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
        O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
        
        O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
        O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
        O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
        O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
        O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
        
        O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
        
        O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
        
        O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
      - O1b1a1b (F838)
        O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
    - O1b1a2（旧O2*）(Page59)
      - O1b1a2a (F993)
        O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
        O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
      - O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
        O1b1a2b1 (F840)
        O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
        
        O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
      - O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
- O1b2(旧O2b) (P49, M176)
  - - O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
      - O1b2a1a (F1204)
        O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
        O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
        O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
        
        O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
        
        O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
        
        O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
        O1b2a1a2a (L682)
        O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
        O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
        
        O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
        O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
        
        O1b2a1a2b (F940)
        
        O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
        O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
      - O1b2a1b (CTS562)
    - O1b2a2 (Page90)

O2（O-M122）

- O-M122 (M122)
  - O2a (M324)
    - O2a1 (L127.1)
      - O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
        O2a1a1 (F2159)
        O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
        O2a1a1a1 (F852)
        O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
        O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
        O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
        O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
        
        O2a1a1a1b (F854)
        O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
        
        O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
        
        O2a1a1b (F915)
        O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
        O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
        O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
        
        O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
        
        O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
      - O2a1b (IMS-JST002611, CTS1872, CTS2483, CTS5879, F61, F99, F240, F247, F302, F309, F460, F562)
        O2a1b1 (F18)
        O2a1b1a (F117)
        O2a1b1a1 (F13)
        O2a1b1a1a (F11)
        O2a1b1a1a1 (F632)
        O2a1b1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1 (F17)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a (F377)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1b (F793)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
        O2a1b1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
        
        O2a1b1a1a2 (F38)
        
        O2a1b1a1a3 (F12)
        
        O2a1b1a1a4 (F930)
        O2a1b1a1a4a (F2685)
        
        O2a1b1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
        O2a1b1a1a5a (Y15976)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
        
        O2a1b1a1a5b (FGC54486)
        O2a1b1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
        
        O2a1b1a1a6 (CTS12877)
        O2a1b1a1a6a (F2527)
        O2a1b1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
        
        O2a1b1a1a6a2 (F2941)
        
        O2a1b1a1a7 (F723)
        
        O2a1b1a1a8 (CTS2107)
        
        O2a1b1a1a9 (SK1691)
        
        O2a1b1a1b (PH203)
        
        O2a1b1b (F449)
        O2a1b1b1 (F238)
        O2a1b1b1a (F134)
        O2a1b1b1a1 (F1273)
        
        O2a1b1b1a2 (F724)
        
        O2a1b1b2 (F1266)
        
        O2a1b1c (CTS498)
        
        O2a1b2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
        O2a1b2a（CST879）
        O2a1b2a1（SK1670, SK1672）
        O2a1b2a1a（SK1671）
        O2a1b2a1a1（M164）
        
        O2a1b2a1b（MF9326, MF9328, MF9339）
        
        O2a1b2a2（Z38921, Z38922）
        O2a1b2a2a（Z38920）

- - - O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
      - O2a2a (M188)
        O2a2a1 (F2588)
        O2a2a1a (CTS445)
        O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
        O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
        
        O2a2a1a2 (M7)
        O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
        O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
        O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
        O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
        
        O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
        O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
        O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
        
        O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
        
        O2a2a1b (F1837)
        
        O2a2a2 (F879)
        O2a2a2a (F1226)
        O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
      - O2a2b (P164)
        O2a2b1 (M134)
        O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
        O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
        O2a2b1a1a (M133)
        O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
        O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
        
        O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
        O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
        O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
        O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
        O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
        O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
        O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
        O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
        O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
        O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
        O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
        
        O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
        O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
        
        O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
        
        O2a2b1a2 (F122)
        O2a2b1a2 (F114/F444)
        O2a2b1a2a (F629)
        O2a2b1a2a1 (F79)
        O2a2b1a2a1a (F46/Y15)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
        
        O2a2b1a2b (F743)
        O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
        O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
        O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
        
        O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
        
        O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
        O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
        
        O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
        
        O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
        O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
        O2a2b2a1 (N7)
        O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
        O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
        
        O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
        
        O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
        O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
        
        O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
        O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
        
        O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
        O2a2b2a2a (F717)
        O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
        
        O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
        
        O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
        O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
        O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
        O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
        
        O2a2b2b (A16433)
        O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
        O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
        O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
        
        O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
    - O2a3 (M300)
    - O2a4 (M333)
  - O2b (F742)
    - O2b1 (F1150)
      - O2b1a (F837)
        O2b1a1 (F1025)
    - O2b2 (F1055)
      - O2b2a (F3021)

人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色体单倍型类群人

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 YFull Haplogroup YTree （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） v5.04 at 16 May 2017
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. April 2015, 25 (4): 459–66. PMC 4381518 . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–9. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
^ ISOGG 2017
^ Scheinfeldt 2006
^ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE].
^ (Karafet 2017)
^ (Shi 2009)
^ (GenographicProject 2005)
^ (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)

参考文献

Edmondson, Jerold A. Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris , 编. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics (Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.). 2007 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-08-21）.
van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. Dynamics of Human Diversity, 361-390 (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics). 2011 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-07-13）.
Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726.
Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research. 2008, 18 (5): 830–8 [2017-04-07]. PMC 2336805 . PMID 18385274. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. （原始内容存档于2008-06-07）.
Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2008, 25 (7): 1362–74. PMID 18390477. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078.
Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (10): 10 [2017-04-07]. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Ratliff, Martha. Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-12-16）.
Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (2): 204–11. PMID 17149388. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748.
Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J. Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006, 23 (8): 1628–41. PMID 16754639. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028.
Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing. Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 77 (3): 408–19. PMC 1226206 . PMID 16080116. doi:10.1086/444436.
Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000, 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225.
Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. August 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098.
Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science China Life Sciences. 2004, 47 (1): 1–10. PMID 15382670. doi:10.1360/02yc0207.
Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2005, 172 (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.
Bradshaw Foundation. Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World. [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-24）.
ISOGG. Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012. 2012 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-20）.
TMC. Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-10）.

[YFull-1] 1.0 ^1.1 YFull Haplogroup YTree （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） v5.04 at 16 May 2017

[Karmin2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. April 2015, 25 (4): 459–66. PMC 4381518 . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.

[Poznik2016-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–9. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.

[isogg2017-4] ISOGG 2017

[5] Scheinfeldt 2006

[Yan2013-6] Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE].

[7] (Karafet 2017)

[8] (Shi 2009)

[9] (GenographicProject 2005)

[10] (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]