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帝国议会(拉丁语：Dieta Imperii 或 Comitium Imperiale; 德语：Reichstag) 是神圣罗马帝国的审议与立法机构。 议会成员被称为帝国政治体，并被分为三个议事团。最早起源于中世纪的宫廷集会，这样的集会随着时代变迁最终形成永久且常态化的帝国议会。从1663年开始直到1806年帝国解体为止，帝国议会于雷根斯堡形成并维持长达百年的永久会期。
根据封建法，帝国政治体的权力仅次于神圣罗马皇帝。持有一个帝国领地代表帝国议会中拥有一票。因此一名议会成员可能依据其所拥有之领地数量而在帝国议会中同时拥有数张选票甚而能于不同的议事团中参与投票。议会成员一般不直接参与议事，而是派遣代表前往位于雷根斯堡的永久议会。晚期的帝国议会实际上即为帝国各领地大使的永久集会。
历史[编辑]
如同帝国本身，帝国议会的地位及功能随着时间而演变，在这过程中各个帝国领地获得越来越大的自治权力，而与之相对的是帝国整体实力的不断削弱。在帝国议会刚开始出现时，招集议会并没有固定的时间或地点。会议最初的起源来自于古代法兰克王国成员的各日尔曼部落的公爵聚集并做出各种重要决定的会议。这种集会的原因可能是因为基于古日尔曼法，领导者必须获得其他人的支持。例如根据法兰克皇家编年史，早在萨克森战争时，查理大帝领导下的议会就于777年在帕德博恩开会，而802-803年于亚琛招开的议会则正式颁布有关新征服的萨克森地区与其他部族的法律。
于919年在弗里茨拉尔招开的议会上，帝国公爵们选出了萨克森的亨利一世为首任日尔曼国王，借此克服法兰克与萨克森之间长期对立的问题并为日尔曼王国的出现奠下基础。在首次远征意大利后，1158年的隆卡格利亚议会所订下之法律彻底改变了帝国从未正式明文规范的宪法，这次议会最终造成帝国中央集权的持续衰弱及地方诸侯的实力增长。1356年议会招开后查理四世颁布的金玺诏书奠定了领地主权(Landesherrschaft)的原则，即各领主大公对其领地拥有极大程度的自治主权。此诏书并正式规范帝国皇帝的选举流程，并订下拥有投票权的七位选帝侯。教宗在皇帝选举过程中并未直接涉入，而是针对选帝侯们选出的皇帝候选人进行承认与加冕。
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19世纪Hermann Wislicenus的画作
然而直到15世纪晚期之前，这个议会并非帝国的正式官方机构，而是亲王及公爵们不定期在帝国皇帝的宫廷中组织的会谈；这些聚会一般被称为 宫廷会议。从1489年开始，集会才被正式称为 帝国议会，并且在其中分为不同的议事团(collegia，"colleges")。议事团一开始只有两团，分别由各选帝侯及其他公爵与亲王们组成。稍后，帝国内享有帝国直辖权而实际上独立于各区域领主并直接受皇帝管辖的各帝国自由城市也在议会中被接纳成为议会中的第三个议事团。
在历次帝国议会中，尤其是从1495年沃木斯议会开始，议会各方面曾经数次试图对帝国进行改革并避免帝国解体，然而这些尝试皆无明显效果。相对的从1648年签订西发里亚和约并且进一步限制帝国皇帝权限使其只能接受议会所做的一切决定开始，帝国解体的过程进一步的加快了。和约的签订实质上剥夺了皇帝剩余不多的权力，因而从此时开始直到1806年帝国正式解体为止，神圣罗马帝国仅代表其范围内各独立邦国的集合统称。
帝国议会历史上最有名的几次会议包括：颁布了帝国改革法案的1495年沃木斯议会；马丁·路德被审判及宣告为异端的1521年沃木斯议会；1526与1529年两次施派尔议会针对马丁·路德禁令与宗教改革的相关决定与抗议造就了新教的崛起及其命名来源(Protestant)；数次于纽伦堡招开的议会亦涉及宗教改革。帝国议会的招开地点不停变换，直到1663年于雷根斯堡招开永久议会后才保持于固定地点举办。
1507年的康士坦兹议会承认神圣罗马帝国的统一性，并且成立了帝国法院。[1]
Participants[编辑]
Since 1489, the Diet comprised three colleges:
Electors[编辑]
The Electoral college (Kurfürstenrat), led by the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz in his capacity as Archchancellor of Germany. The seven Prince-electors were designated by the Golden Bull of 1356:
- three ecclesiastical Prince-Bishops,
- the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz as Archchancellor of Germany
- the Prince-Archbishop of Cologne as Archchancellor of Italy
- the Prince-Archbishop of Trier as Archchancellor of Burgundy
- four secular Princes,
- the King of Bohemia as Archcupbearer
- the Elector of the Palatinate as Archsteward (Erztruchsess)
- the Elector of Saxony as Archmarshal
- the Margrave of Brandenburg as Archchamberlain
The number increased to eight, when in 1623 the Duke of Bavaria took over the electoral dignity of the Count Palatine, who himself received a separate vote in the electoral college according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia (Causa Palatina), including the high office of an Archtreasurer. In 1692 the Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hannover) became the ninth Prince-elector as Archbannerbearer during the Nine Years' War.
In the War of the Bavarian Succession, the electoral dignities of the Palatinate and Bavaria were merged, approved by the 1779 Treaty of Teschen. The German Mediatisation of 1803 entailed the dissolution of the Cologne and Trier Prince-archbishoprics, the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz and German Archchancellor received—as compensation for his lost territory occupied by Revolutionary France—the newly established Principality of Regensburg. In turn, four secular princes were elevated to prince-electors:
These changes however had little effect, as with the abdication of Francis II as Holy Roman Emperor the Empire was dissolved only three years later.
Princes[编辑]
The college of Imperial Princes (Reichsfürstenrat or Fürstenbank) incorporated the Imperial Counts as well as immediate lords, Prince-Bishops and Imperial abbots. Strong in members, though often discordant, the second college tried to preserve its interests against the dominance of the Prince-electors.
The House of Princes was again subdivided into an ecclesiastical and a secular bench. Remarkably, the ecclesiastical bench was headed by the—secular—Archduke of Austria and the Burgundian duke of the Habsburg Netherlands (held by Habsburg Spain from 1556). As the Austrian House of Habsburg had failed to assume the leadership of the secular bench, they received the guidance over the ecclesiastical princes instead. The first ecclesiastical prince was the Archbishop of Salzburg as Primas Germaniae; the Prince-Archbishop of Besançon, though officially a member until the 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen, did not attend the Diet's meetings.
The ecclesiastical bench also comprised the Grand Master and Deutschmeister of the Teutonic Knights, as well as the Grand Prior of the Monastic State of the Knights Hospitaller at Heitersheim. The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck remained an ecclesiastical member even after it had turned Protestant, ruled by diocesan administrators from the House of Holstein-Gottorp from 1586. The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia was under alternating rule of a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop from the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
Each member of the Princes' College held either a single vote (Virilstimme) or a collective vote (Kuriatstimme). Due to the Princes, their single vote from 1582 strictly depended on their immediate fiefs; this principle led to an accumulation of votes, when one ruler held several territories in personal union. Counts and Lords only were entitled to collective votes, they therefore formed separate colleges like the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts and mergers within the Swabian, the Franconian and the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circles. Likewise, on the ecclesiastical bench, the Imperial abbots joined a Swabian or Rhenish college.
In the German Mediatisation of 1803, numerous ecclesiastical territories were annexed by secular estates. A reform of the Princes' college was however not carried out until the Empire's dissolution in 1806.
Cities[编辑]
The college of Imperial Cities (Reichsstädtekollegium) evolved from 1489 onwards, it contributed greatly to the development of the Imperial Diets as a political institution. Nevertheless, the collective vote of the cities initially was of inferior importance until a 1582 Recess of the Augsburg Diet. The college was led by the city council of the actual venue; with the implementation of the Perpetual Diet in 1663, the chair passed to Regensburg.
The Imperial cities also divided into a Swabian and Rhenish bench. The Swabian cities were led by Nuremberg, Augsburg and Regensburg, the Rhenish cities by Cologne, Aachen and Frankfurt.
For a complete list of members of the Imperial Diet from 1792, near the end of the Empire, see List of Reichstag participants (1792).
Religious bodies[编辑]
After the Peace of Westphalia, religious matters could no longer be decided by a majority vote of the colleges. Instead, the Reichstag would separate into Catholic and Protestant bodies, which would discuss the matter separately and then negotiate an agreement with each other.[2] The Catholic body, or corpus catholicum, was headed by the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz.[3]
The Protestant body, or corpus evangelicorum, was headed by the Elector of Saxony. At meetings of the Protestant body, Saxony would introduce each topic of discussion, after which Brandenburg-Prussia and Hanover would speak, followed by the remaining states in order of size. When all the states had spoken, Saxony would weigh the votes and announce a consensus.
Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland, but the Electorate itself remained officially Protestant and retained the directorship of the Protestant body. When the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, Prussia and Hanover attempted to take over the directorship in 1717–1720, but without success. The Electors of Saxony would head the Protestant body until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.[3]
Collection of records[编辑]
After the formation of the new German Empire in 1871, the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences started to collect imperial records (Reichsakten) and imperial diet records (Reichstagsakten). In 1893 the commission published the first volume. At present the years 1524–1527 and years up to 1544 are being collected and researched. A volume dealing with the 1532 Diet of Regensburg, including the peace negotiations with the Protestants in Schweinfurt and Nuremberg, by Rosemarie Aulinger of Vienna was published in 1992.
Locations of Imperial Diets[编辑]
- Note: this list is incomplete
See also[编辑]
References[编辑]
- ^ History of the Reformation in Germany, page 70, by Leopold von Ranke.
- ^ Peace Treaties of Westphalia (October 14/24, 1648) (PDF). German History in Documents and Images.
In religious and all other affairs in which the estates cannot be considered as one body, and when the Catholic estates and those of the Augsburg Confession are divided into two parties, the dispute is to be decided by amicable agreement alone, and neither side is to be bound by a majority vote.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Kalipke, Andreas. The Corpus Evangelicorum. Coy, Marschke, and Sabean (编). The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered. Berghahn. 2010: 228–247.
Bibliography[编辑]
- Peter Claus Hartmann: Das Heilige Römische Reich deutscher Nation in der Neuzeit 1486–1806. Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-017045-1.
- Axel Gotthard: Das Alte Reich 1495–1806. Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-534-15118-6
- Edgar Liebmann: Reichstag. In: Friedrich Jaeger (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit, Bd. 10: Physiologie-Religiöses Epos. Stuttgart 2009, str. 948–953, ISBN 3-534-17605-7
- Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: Des Kaisers alte Kleider. Verfassungsgeschichte und Symbolsprache des Alten Reiches. München 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57074-2
- Helmut Neuhaus: Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit (Enzyklopädie Deutscher Geschichte, Band 42). München 2003, ISBN 3-486-56729-2.
- Heinz Angermeier: Das alte Reich in der deutschen Geschichte. Studien über Kontinuitäten und Zäsuren. München 1998, ISBN 3-486-55897-8
External links[编辑]
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