土耳其的種族主義和歧視
 | 此條目翻譯品質不佳。 (2023年8月3日) |
土耳其種族主義，存在於土耳其社會及其整個歷史中，包括制度性種族主義針對非穆斯林和非遜尼派少數群體。 [8] 這主要表現為一些人(來自土耳其人)對非土耳其族裔的態度和行為，特別是庫爾德人、亞美尼亞人、阿拉伯人、亞述人、希臘人、猶太人，[9] 以及像羅姆人這樣的游牧群體。[10]
近年來，土耳其針對敘利亞難民、阿富汗人、巴基斯坦人和非洲移民等中東國民的種族主義有所增加。[12][13][14]
參考資料[編輯]
- ^ Xypolia, Ilia. Racist Aspects of Modern Turkish Nationalism. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 2016-02-18, 18 (2): 111–124. ISSN 1944-8953. S2CID 147685130. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141580. hdl:2164/9172
.
- ^ Björgo, Tore; Witte, Rob (編). Racist violence in Europe. Basingstoke [etc.]: Macmillan Press. 1993. ISBN 9780312124090.
- ^ Arat, Zehra F. Kabasakal (編). Human rights in Turkey. Foreword by Richard Falk. Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. 2007. ISBN 9780812240009.
- ^ Lauren, Fulton. A Muted Controversy: Freedom of Speech in Turkey. Harvard International Review. Spring 2008, 30 (1): 26–29. ISSN 0739-1854.
Free speech is now in a state reminiscent of the days before EU accession talks. Journalists or academics who speak out against state institutions are subject to prosecution under the aegis of loophole laws. Such laws are especially objectionable because they lead to a culture in which other, more physically apparent rights abuses become prevalent. Violations of freedom of expression can escalate into other rights abuses, including torture, racism, and other forms of discrimination. Because free speech is suppressed, the stories of these abuses then go unreported in what becomes a vicious cycle.
- ^ Gooding, Emily. Armchair Guide to Discrimination: Religious Discrimination in Turkey. BiblioBazaar. 2011. ISBN 9781241797812.
- ^ Kenanoğlu, Pinar Dinç. Discrimination and silence: minority foundations in Turkey during the Cyprus conflict of 1974. Nations and Nationalism. 2012, 18 (2): 267–286. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00531.x.
Comprehensive reading of the newspaper articles show that the negative attitude towards the non-Muslim minorities in Turkey does not operate in a linear fashion. There are rises and falls, the targets can vary from individuals to institutions, and the agents of discrimination can be politicians, judicial offices, government-operated organisations, press members or simply individuals in society.
- ^ Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. Winter 2009, 124 (4): 697–0_8. ISSN 0032-3195. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00664.x.
In the Turkish context, the solution to minority rights is to handle them through improvements in three realms: elimination of discrimination, cultural rights, and religious freedom. However, reforms in these spheres fall short of the spirit generated in the Treaty of Lausanne.
- ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
cirakman的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 存档副本. [2023-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-27）.
- ^ Khojali: A Pretext to Incite Ethnic Hatred. Armenian Weekly. 22 February 2015.
- ^ Halis, Mujgan. Anti-Syrian sentiment on the rise in Turkey. Al-Monitor. 2013-11-13 [2019-08-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-29） （土耳其語）.
- ^ Afghan Migrants in Turkey Worried About Increased Deportations. www.voanews.com. [2022-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-02）.
- ^ ANI; ANI. Videos of 'Pakistani perverts' cause outrage on social media in Turkey. ThePrint. 2022-04-22 [2022-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-02） （美國英語）.
