用戶:Shangkuanlc/peddler
A peddler, in 英國英語 pedlar, also known as a canvasser, cheapjack, monger, higler or solicitor (with negative connotations since the 16th century), is a 旅行 vendor of 商品. In England, the term was mostly used for travellers 小販 goods in the countryside to small towns and villages; they might also be called tinkers or gypsies. In London more specific terms were used, such as costermonger. There has long been a suspicion of dishonest or petty criminal activity associated with pedlars and travellers.[1][2]
History
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The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is unknown, but it might come from French pied, Latin pes, pedis "foot", referring to a petty trader travelling on foot.
Peddlers usually travelled on foot, carrying their wares, or by means of a person- or animal-drawn cart or wagon (making the peddler a 小販).
Modern peddlers may use motorized vehicles to transport themselves and their commodities. Typically, they operate door-to-door or at organized events such as fairs.
In many economies this work was often left to nomadic minorities, such as 羅姆人, travellers, or Yeniche, offering a varied assortment of goods and services, both evergreens and (notoriously suspicious) novelties. Peddlers sometimes doubled as 表演藝術, 替代醫學, or fortune-tellers.
While peddlers had a significant role in supplying isolated populations even with fairly basic and diverse goods such as pots and pans, horses, and news, their market share has in modern times been drastically reduced as increasing 人口密度 and 購買力 encouraged sedentary, even specialized 推銷員 points, while modern 運輸, mail order, 製冷 and other 技術 allow even 農村 clients alternative channels of purchase.
Tinware was manufactured in Berlin, Connecticut, as early as 1770, and tin, steel and iron goods were peddled from Connecticut through the North American colonies- the Connecticut clock maker and clock peddler was the 18th century embodiment of Yankee ingenuity.
In the 美國, the travelling salesman became a stock character in countless jokes. Such jokes are typically bawdy, and usually feature small town rubes, farmers and other country folk, and frequently another stock character, the farmer's daughter.
India has special laws enacted, by the efforts of planners which give mongers higher rights as compared to other businessmen. For example, mongers have a right of way over motorized vehicles.
In the modern economy a new breed of peddler, generally encouraged to dress respectably to inspire confidence with the general public, has been sent into the field as an aggressive form of 直效營銷 by companies pushing their specific products, sometimes to help launch novelties, sometimes on a permanent basis. In a few cases this has even been used as the core of a business.
Legislation and regulation
[編輯]In Britain, peddling is still governed by the Pedlars Act of 1871, which provides for a "pedlar's certificate". Application is usually made to the police. In the late 20th century, the use of such certificates became rare as other civic legislation including the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 and the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 for England & Wales introduced a street trader's licence. As of 2008 the pedlar's certificates remain legal and in use, although several local councils have sought to rid their area of peddlers by way of local bylaw or enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street trader's licence.
Types and names
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Literal compounds formed from these synonyms are:
- 乾酪monger (cheese)
- Costermonger (apples)
- Fishmonger (seafood)
- 操控性工作者, cfr. infra
- Ironmonger (iron wares)
- Upholsterer monger (a peddler of 布 and stitching)
Metaphoric compounds, since the 16th century mostly pejorative, formed from these synonyms are:
- Disease mongering
- 操控性工作者 (fornicator)
- Gossip monger (a quidnunc)
- Merit-monger, in the 18th century a "do-gooder"
- Power monger
- Rumor monger
- Scandal monger
- Scare monger
- Warmonger, recorded since 1590 (Spenser's "Faerie Queene"), likely more widespread than any of the literal uses[需要解釋][來源請求]
Names, most archaic, of product- or industry-specific types of peddlers include:
- Chandler (ship's stores)
- Collier (coal)
- Milliner (hats)
- Lanier (now only a surname, formerly a peddler of 羊毛)
- Cooper (barrels)
Names, some pejorative, of other sub- or supertypes or close relatives of peddlers include:
Although there are basic similarities between the activities in the 舊大陸 and the 新大陸 there are also significant differences. In Britain the word was more specific to an individual selling small items of household goods from door to door. It was not usually applied to 羅姆人.
- Food traders were normally badgers
- Sellers of 小冊子 were chapmen; compare the term 文具 which described a bookseller (usually near a university) whose shop was fixed and permanent.
- In Russia a Khodebshchik (俄語：ходебщик) was a person carrying a 看板 advertising a product or service, a street hawker or peddler of wares, or house-to-house salesman in the 16th–19th centuries.
In literature
[編輯]The Cheap Jack type appears often in 19th century literature. The most famous example is probably Charles Dickens' ‟Doctor Marigold‟. A short story it was originally written for one of his Christmas editions of 'All the Year Round'. In collected editions of Dickens' works, it appears in the volume ‟Christmas Stories‟.
Sources
[編輯]References
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- 本條目包含來自公有領域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.
- Dolan, J.R. (1964), Yankee Peddlers of Early America.
- Spufford, M. (1981), Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in seventeenth Century England.
- Spufford, M. (1984), The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century.
- Wright, R.L. (1927), Hawkers and Walkers in Early America.
- Station Chief at Etymonline.com
- Peddler at Etymonline.com
