中國牆

中國牆（Chinese wall）是一個商業術語^[1]^[2]，意指資訊隔離牆^[3]，指在組織中建立資訊障礙以防止可能導致利益衝突的溝通或交流。法律一般要求企業保護內部資訊並確保不發生不正當的交易。^[4]在某些翻譯中，它也譯作「職能劃分制度」或「職能分管制度」。^[5]

詞源

該詞語起源自中國的長城，^[6]它在1929年華爾街股災後在股票市場流行，當時美國政府立法規定投資銀行與經紀公司之間的資訊隔離，以限制目標企業分析與首次公開募股時成功願望之間的衝突。^[7]政府並不禁止一家公司從事兩種業務，而是要求實現中國長城那樣的壁壘。

1980年就這一主題發表的《賓夕法尼亞大學法律評論（英語：University of Pennsylvania Law Review）》以「The Chinese Wall Defense to Law-Firm Disqualification」為題目，繼續使用了該詞語。^[8]

反對意見

在1988年的Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.訴高等法院案中，主審法官Harry W. Low（美籍華人）^[9]撰寫了一份協同意見書，特別是為了「表達我對在這種情況下使用這一短語的深刻反對」。他將這一術語稱為「應該強調放棄的法律漂浮物」，並將「道德牆」稱為更合適的選擇。他堅持認為「繼續使用該術語對許多華裔人士的民族認同不敏感」^[10]^[11]。

作為替代的詞語包括「screen」（屏障）^[12]、防火牆（firewall）、「cone of silence」和「ethical wall」（倫理牆）。「Screen」（屏障）或動詞「to screen」是美國律師協會執業行為示範規則（英語：ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct）的首選詞語。^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

特定行業的使用

金融

新聞學

此詞語在新聞學中用於描述編輯與廣告之間的分離。

法律

電腦科學

在電腦科學中，中國牆的概念被作業系統用於電腦安全，被美國聯邦法院用於防止侵犯著作權。在電腦安全方面，它涉及到作業系統的軟件穩定性。

逆向工程

一種名為「淨室設計」的判例法機制被用來避免在逆向工程專有軟件時侵犯著作權。

它涉及到以中國牆隔開的兩個獨立的工程組。其中一個組就硬件進行工作，以逆向工程了解原始演算法的必要條件，並且僅記錄其發現。另一組則僅基於該文件來撰寫代碼。在新代碼成功在硬件上執行之後，就可以逐漸對功能進行更多改進和開發。

這種方法將新代碼與舊代碼相隔離，使逆向工程不太可能被陪審團認為是一個衍生作品。^[17]^[18]

電腦安全

一種為數據的私隱（英語：Data privacy）和數據完整性提供的基本模型名為中國牆模型（Chinese Wall Model）或布魯爾-納什模型。它是一種約束利益衝突的成員對檔案讀/寫訪問資格的安全模型（英語：Computer security model）。

參見

參考資料

^ 潘磊. 信托业能否建起自己的“中国墙”？ ——论解决利益冲突问题的一种进路 (PDF). 中國信託業協會. 2010年 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-02-20）.
^ 大型金融和市场机构中的中国墙制度. 清華法學. 2007年: 148 [2017-05-28].
^ 证券市场的国际比较: 从国际比较看中国证券市场的根本性缺陷及其矫正. 清華大學出版社. 2003年: 592 [2017-05-28]. ISBN 9787302070740. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-20）.
^ Frier, Sarah. Goldman Sachs Turns to Digital Surveillance to Catch Rogue Bankers. Bloomberg Businessweek. 9 October 2014 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-20）.
^ 漢英證券及金融詞彙（簡體）^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Bryan A. Garner（英語：Bryan A. Garner）. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage. Oxford University Press. 2001: 152 [2017-05-28]. ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-05）.
^ Investopedia. The Chinese Wall Protects Against Conflicts Of Interest. [13 February 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-19）.
^ "The Chinese Wall Defense to Law-Firm Disqualification" (1980) 128 University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 677
^ Hon. Harry W. Low (Ret.). [17 October 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-21）.
^ Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. . [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-17）.
^ David Hricik. Chinese Walls: Racist?. Legal Ethics Forum. June 8, 2005 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-20）.
^ See Martin v.
^ "Model Rules of Professional Conduct" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The ABA Model Rules define screening as "the isolation of a lawyer from any participation in a matter through the timely imposition of procedures within a firm that are reasonably adequate under the circumstances to protect information that the isolated lawyer is obligated to protect under these Rules or other law".
^ 存档副本. [2010-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-30）.
^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2010-03-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-13）.
^ Sharon D. Nelson; David K. Isom; John W. Simek. Information Security for Lawyers and Law Firms. American Bar Association. 2006: 25– [6 August 2012]. ISBN 978-1-59031-663-4. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-29）.
^ Schwartz, Mathew. Reverse-Engineering. Computerworld. 2001-11-12 [2013-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-24）. To protect against charges of having simply (and illegally) copied IBM's BIOS, Phoenix reverse-engineered it using what's called a 'clean room,' or 'Chinese wall,' approach. First, a team of engineers studied the IBM BIOS—about 8KB of code—and described everything it did as completely as possible without using or referencing any actual code. Then Phoenix brought in a second team of programmers who had no prior knowledge of the IBM BIOS and had never seen its code. Working only from the first team's functional specifications, the second team wrote a new BIOS that operated as specified.
^ Hogle, Sean. Clean Room Defeats Software Infringement Claim in U.S. Federal Court. 2008-10-23 [2013-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-21）. [...] dirty room reverse engineering should be done in conjunction with clean room development by using two physically and electronically isolated teams where one team does dirty room reverse engineering and the other does clean room development. If a dirty room team exists, the clean room engineers can write a description of the portion of the specification that needs elaboration or clarification. The dirty room engineers then use that request to create additional functional specifications or tests.

[1] 潘磊. 信托业能否建起自己的“中国墙”？ ——论解决利益冲突问题的一种进路 (PDF). 中國信託業協會. 2010年 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-02-20）.

[2] 大型金融和市场机构中的中国墙制度. 清華法學. 2007年: 148 [2017-05-28].

[3] 证券市场的国际比较: 从国际比较看中国证券市场的根本性缺陷及其矫正. 清華大學出版社. 2003年: 592 [2017-05-28]. ISBN 9787302070740. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-20）.

[frier-4] Frier, Sarah. Goldman Sachs Turns to Digital Surveillance to Catch Rogue Bankers. Bloomberg Businessweek. 9 October 2014 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-20）.

[5] 漢英證券及金融詞彙（簡體）^{[永久失效連結]}

[Garner2001-6] Bryan A. Garner（英語：Bryan A. Garner）. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage. Oxford University Press. 2001: 152 [2017-05-28]. ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-05）.

[7] Investopedia. The Chinese Wall Protects Against Conflicts Of Interest. [13 February 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-19）.

[8] "The Chinese Wall Defense to Law-Firm Disqualification" (1980) 128 University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 677

[9] Hon. Harry W. Low (Ret.). [17 October 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-21）.

[Justia-10] Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. . [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-17）.

[11] David Hricik. Chinese Walls: Racist?. Legal Ethics Forum. June 8, 2005 [2017-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-20）.

[12] See Martin v.

[13] "Model Rules of Professional Conduct" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The ABA Model Rules define screening as "the isolation of a lawyer from any participation in a matter through the timely imposition of procedures within a firm that are reasonably adequate under the circumstances to protect information that the isolated lawyer is obligated to protect under these Rules or other law".

[14] 存档副本. [2010-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-30）.

[15] 存档副本 (PDF). [2010-03-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-13）.

[16] Sharon D. Nelson; David K. Isom; John W. Simek. Information Security for Lawyers and Law Firms. American Bar Association. 2006: 25– [6 August 2012]. ISBN 978-1-59031-663-4. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-29）.

[cleanroom-17] Schwartz, Mathew. Reverse-Engineering. Computerworld. 2001-11-12 [2013-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-24）. To protect against charges of having simply (and illegally) copied IBM's BIOS, Phoenix reverse-engineered it using what's called a 'clean room,' or 'Chinese wall,' approach. First, a team of engineers studied the IBM BIOS—about 8KB of code—and described everything it did as completely as possible without using or referencing any actual code. Then Phoenix brought in a second team of programmers who had no prior knowledge of the IBM BIOS and had never seen its code. Working only from the first team's functional specifications, the second team wrote a new BIOS that operated as specified.

[18] Hogle, Sean. Clean Room Defeats Software Infringement Claim in U.S. Federal Court. 2008-10-23 [2013-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-21）. [...] dirty room reverse engineering should be done in conjunction with clean room development by using two physically and electronically isolated teams where one team does dirty room reverse engineering and the other does clean room development. If a dirty room team exists, the clean room engineers can write a description of the portion of the specification that needs elaboration or clarification. The dirty room engineers then use that request to create additional functional specifications or tests.

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