已知最古老的生命

對現在尚存的細菌以及古菌基因組進行分析並構建系統發育樹（英語：phylogenetic bracketing）能找出一個「最後共同祖先」（LUCA），以及細菌與古菌之間共有的一些基因^[12]^[13]。據分子鐘理論的計算，一些研究表明最後共同祖先大約出現於距今44.77到45.19億年前，因為最後共同祖先一定是從最早期的生命進化來的，所以按照這一理論生命的出現應該至少不晚於至今44.77到45.19億年前^[7]^[14]。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Cavalazzi, Barbara; et al. Cellular remains in a ~3.42-billion-year-old subseafloor hydrothermal environment. Science Advances. 14 July 2021, 7 (9): eabf3963. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.3963C. PMC 8279515 . PMID 34261651. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf3963 .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates (PDF). Nature. 2 March 2017, 543 (7643): 60–64. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...60D. PMID 28252057. S2CID 2420384. doi:10.1038/nature21377 .
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Zimmer, Carl. Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest. The New York Times. 1 March 2017 [2 March 2017].
^ Tyrell, Kelly April. Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 18 December 2017 [18 December 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10）.
^ Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions. PNAS. 2017, 115 (1): 53–58. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115...53S. PMC 5776830 . PMID 29255053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718063115 .
^ Brasier, Martin D.; Green, Owen R.; Lindsay, John F.; McLoughlin, Nicola; Steele, Andrew; Stoakes, Cris. Critical testing of Earth's oldest putative fossil assemblage from the ∼3.5Ga Apex chert, Chinaman Creek, Western Australia. Precambrian Research. 2005-10-21, 140 (1): 55–102. ISSN 0301-9268. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.008 （英語）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Staff. A timescale for the origin and evolution of all of life on Earth. Phys.org. 20 August 2018 [20 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.
^ Dunham, Will. Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life. Reuters. 1 March 2017 [1 March 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-02）.
^ Steele, Edward J.; et al. Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic?. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 1 August 2018, 136: 3–23. PMID 29544820. S2CID 4486796. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.004 .
^ McRae, Mike. A Weird Paper Tests The Limits of Science by Claiming Octopuses Came From Space. ScienceAlert. 28 December 2021 [29 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-29）.
^ Chan, Queenie H. S. et al. Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals. Science Advances. 10 January 2018, 4 (1, eaao3521): eaao3521. Bibcode:2018SciA....4O3521C. PMC 5770164 . PMID 29349297. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao3521.
^ Weiss, M.C.; Sousa, F. L.; Mrnjavac, N.; Neukirchen, S.; Roettger, M.; Nelson-Sathi, S.; Martin, W.F. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nat Microbiol. 2016, 1 (9): 16116. PMID 27562259. S2CID 2997255. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116.
^ Wade, Nicholas. Meet Luca, the ancestor of all living things. The New York Times. 25 July 2016 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 July 2016）.
^ Betts, Holly C.; Putick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Williams, Tom A.; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; Pisani, Davide. Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life's early evolution and eukaryote origin. Nature. 20 August 2018, 2 (10): 1556–1562. PMC 6152910 . PMID 30127539. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x.

外部連結

Vitae （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (BioLib)
Biota (Taxonomicon)
Life (Systema Naturae 2000)
Wikispecies – a free directory of life
Google Images: Earliest known life forms （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Life in the Universe （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Stephen Hawking (1996)
YouTube上的Video (24:32): "Migration of Life in the Universe" – Gary Ruvkun, 2019.

[SCA-20210714-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Cavalazzi, Barbara; et al. Cellular remains in a ~3.42-billion-year-old subseafloor hydrothermal environment. Science Advances. 14 July 2021, 7 (9): eabf3963. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.3963C. PMC 8279515 . PMID 34261651. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf3963 .

[NAT-20170301-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates (PDF). Nature. 2 March 2017, 543 (7643): 60–64. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...60D. PMID 28252057. S2CID 2420384. doi:10.1038/nature21377 .

[NYT-20170301-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Zimmer, Carl. Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest. The New York Times. 1 March 2017 [2 March 2017].

[WU-20171218-4] Tyrell, Kelly April. Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 18 December 2017 [18 December 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10）.

[PNAS-2017-5] Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions. PNAS. 2017, 115 (1): 53–58. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115...53S. PMC 5776830 . PMID 29255053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718063115 .

[6] Brasier, Martin D.; Green, Owen R.; Lindsay, John F.; McLoughlin, Nicola; Steele, Andrew; Stoakes, Cris. Critical testing of Earth's oldest putative fossil assemblage from the ∼3.5Ga Apex chert, Chinaman Creek, Western Australia. Precambrian Research. 2005-10-21, 140 (1): 55–102. ISSN 0301-9268. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.008 （英語）.

[PHY-20180820-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Staff. A timescale for the origin and evolution of all of life on Earth. Phys.org. 20 August 2018 [20 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.

[4.3b_oldest-8] Dunham, Will. Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life. Reuters. 1 March 2017 [1 March 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-02）.

[PBMB-20180801-9] Steele, Edward J.; et al. Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic?. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 1 August 2018, 136: 3–23. PMID 29544820. S2CID 4486796. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.004 .

[SA-20211228-10] McRae, Mike. A Weird Paper Tests The Limits of Science by Claiming Octopuses Came From Space. ScienceAlert. 28 December 2021 [29 December 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-29）.

[SA-20180110-11] Chan, Queenie H. S. et al. Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals. Science Advances. 10 January 2018, 4 (1, eaao3521): eaao3521. Bibcode:2018SciA....4O3521C. PMC 5770164 . PMID 29349297. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao3521.

[nature-12] Weiss, M.C.; Sousa, F. L.; Mrnjavac, N.; Neukirchen, S.; Roettger, M.; Nelson-Sathi, S.; Martin, W.F. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nat Microbiol. 2016, 1 (9): 16116. PMID 27562259. S2CID 2997255. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116.

[NYT-20160725-13] Wade, Nicholas. Meet Luca, the ancestor of all living things. The New York Times. 25 July 2016 [8 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 July 2016）.

[NAT-20180820-14] Betts, Holly C.; Putick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Williams, Tom A.; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; Pisani, Davide. Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life's early evolution and eukaryote origin. Nature. 20 August 2018, 2 (10): 1556–1562. PMC 6152910 . PMID 30127539. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x.

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閱論編生命起源
概念	共同起源證據已知最古老的生命生命進化史（英語：History of life）最後共同祖先共生原初生命體
假說	初始起源（生命起源）：粘土假說（英語：Graham Cairns-Smith）鐵硫世界 primordial sandwich（英語：Primordial sandwich） Oparin-Haldane假說（葡萄牙語：Hipótese de Oparin e Haldane） Coacervate（英語：Coacervate）米勒-尤里實驗原始湯 PAH世界學說（英語：PAH world hypothesis）泛生論肽-RNA世界 / RNA世界 quasispecies model（英語：Quasispecies model）持續起源：生源說自然發生
研究	天體生物學演化生物學古生物學