活躍小行星
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/596_Scheila%2C_5_minute_exposure%2C_Dec._12%2C_2010.jpg/250px-596_Scheila%2C_5_minute_exposure%2C_Dec._12%2C_2010.jpg)
活躍小行星是有着小行星般的軌道,是會呈現出彗星的視覺特徵,但有着小行星軌道的太陽系小天體。也就是說,它們顯示出彗髮、彗尾或其它質量損失的視覺特徵(像彗星),但它們的軌道仍在木星的軌道內(像小行星)[1][2]。這些天體在2006年被天文學家大衛·朱維特和Henry Hsieh命名為主帶彗星(main-belt comets,MBCs)。但這個名字意味着它們的組成必然像彗星一樣冰冷,也只存在於主小行星帶;然而,隨着活躍小行星數量的增長,情況並非總是如此[1][3][4]。
小行星(7968) 埃爾斯特-皮薩羅(Elst–Pizarro)是發現的第一顆活躍小行星。它在1979年被發現時是一顆小行星,後來在1996年被艾瑞克·懷特·埃爾斯特和圭多·皮薩羅(Guido Pizarro)發現它有尾巴,於是被命為133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅彗星[1][5]。
軌道
[編輯]不同於彗星,活躍小行星的軌道大部分都在木星軌道附近或者離太陽更遠的地方,它們的軌道通常與小行星的標準軌道沒有區別(小行星)。朱維特對活躍小行星的定義為除了具有質量損失的視覺證據外,還具有以下軌道的天體[2]:
朱維特選擇蒂塞朗參數3.08而不是3.0,來區分彗星和小行星,是因為木星本身的蒂塞朗參數是3.0。這樣可以避免實際的太陽系偏離理想的限制性三體問題造成的模糊情況(與木星族彗星混淆) [2]。
最初確認的三顆活躍小行星軌道都靠在主小行星帶的外側運行[6]。
活動
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg/300px-14060-Asteroid-P2013R3-Disintegration-20140306.jpg)
一些活躍小行星只在軌道的一部分,即近日點的附近,顯示出彗星的塵埃尾。這有力的說明它們表面的揮發物在昇華,同時帶走了塵埃物質[9]。133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅彗星的活動是週期性的反復出現,在最近三次經過近日點附近時都觀測到其活動[1]。這種活動在5-6年的軌道週期中,持續一或數個月[6],可能是由於在過去的100-1,000年中,輕微的撞擊導致冰在表面覆蓋或露出[6]。懷疑是撞擊挖掘出這些表面下的揮發性物質,使它們暴露在太陽輻射下[6]。
在2010年1月發現的P/2010 A2 (LINEAR),被認為表現出彗星狀的昇華,因而最初被賦予彗星的名稱:354P/LINEAR[10]。但P/2010 A2現在被認為是小行星撞擊小行星後的殘餘物[11][12]。對 (596) Scheila的觀測表明,大量的塵埃是被另一顆直徑約35米的小行星撞擊產生的。
P/2013 R3
[編輯]P/2013 R3 (卡特琳娜-泛星)是由R.E. Hill使用卡特琳娜巡天的0.68米施密特望遠鏡,和Bryce T. Bolin使用在哈雷卡拉的1.8米泛星1號望遠鏡的兩位觀測者獨立發現的[13]。 泛星1號望遠鏡拍攝的照片顯示,兩個不同的輻射源相距僅3英寸,並有一條包覆着這兩個輻射源的尾巴。在2013年10月,使用在拉帕爾馬島上的10.4米加那利大型望遠鏡後續觀測拍攝的P/2013 R3影像,顯示這顆彗星正在分裂[14]。疊加10月11和12日的CCD影像,檢查後發現這顆主帶彗星中心有一個明亮的凝聚體,伴隨着它一起運行的還有3個分別標示為a、b、c的碎片。最亮的一個碎片在內華達山脈天文台1.52米望遠鏡的CCD影樣中也檢測得到[14]。
NASA報導了哈伯太空望遠鏡在2013年10月29日至2014年1月14日期間拍攝的一系列影像,顯示這4個主體之間的間隔越來越大[15]。這是由太陽光照射產生的YORP效應增加了旋轉的速度,使得離心力導致碎石堆分離[15]。
組成
[編輯]一些活躍小行星顯示出組成份像傳統彗星一樣冰冷的跡象,而另一些則被視為像岩石化的小行星一樣。因為地球海洋的氘氫比太低,傳統的彗星不可能是主要來源,因此有人假設主帶彗星(活躍小行星)可能是地球上水的來源[16]。歐洲的科學家提出了一個名為"卡洛琳"(" Caroline ")的主帶彗星樣品返回任務",以收集灰塵樣品並分析揮發物的含量[9]。
成員
[編輯]'主帶彗星'這個名詞是基於軌道和它存在的位置擴展出來的分類,這並不意味着這些天體是彗星,或是環繞在核心周圍的物質是如同彗星的揮發性物質。
該類別的確定成員包括:
名稱 | 半長軸(AU) | 近日點 (AU) | TJup | 直徑(km) | 原因 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
穀神星 | 2.77 | 2.56 | 3.309 | 939 | 水昇華[2] |
493 Griseldis | 3.12 | 2.57 | 3.140 | 46 | 撞擊[17] |
596 Scheila | 2.92 | 2.44 | 3.209 | 113 | 撞擊[18][19][20] |
2201 Oljato | 2.18 | 0.62 | 3.299 | 1.8 | 釋氣[21] |
3200法厄同 | 1.27 | 0.14 | 4.510 | 5.8 | 熱壓製和/或乾燥裂縫[22] |
威爾遜-哈靈頓彗星 | 2.64 | 0.98 | 3.082 | 4 | 昇華[23][24] |
6478 Gault | 2.31 | 1.86 | 3.461 | 3.7 | 旋轉自旋增加[25][26][27] |
7968埃爾斯特-皮薩羅 (133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅,P/1996 N2) |
3.15 | 2.64 | 3.184 | 3.9 | 撞擊/冰昇華[28][29] |
(62412) 2000 SY178 | 3.15 | 2.90 | 3.197 | 5 | Rubble pile disintegration[30] |
101955 貝努 | 1.13 | 0.90 | 5.525 | 0.49 | 熱壓裂、揮發成分釋放和/或撞擊[31] |
118401 林尼爾(176P/林尼爾) | 3.19 | 2.57 | 3.167 | 4 | 撞擊/冰昇華[32] |
(300163) 2006 VW139(彗星288P) | 3.05 | 2.44 | 3.204 | 1.8 | 冰昇華[33] |
233P/拉薩格拉(P/2005 JR71) | 3.04 | 1.79 | 3.081 | 撞擊/冰昇華 | |
238P/Read(P/2005 U1) | 3.16 | 2.36 | 3.154 | 0.6 | 撞擊/冰昇華[34] |
259P/加里德 (P/2008 R1) | 2.72 | 1.79 | 3.217 | 0.6 | 冰昇華/軌道變化[35] |
311P/PANSTARRS (P/2013 P5) | 2.19 | 1.95 | 3.661 | 0.5 | 碎石堆崩解[36][37][38] |
313P/吉布斯(P/2003 S10) | 3.16 | 2.39 | 3.133 | 1.0 | 冰昇華[39] |
324P/拉薩格拉(P/2010 R2) | 3.10 | 2.62 | 3.100 | 撞擊/冰昇華[40] | |
331P/吉布斯(P/2012 F5) | 3.00 | 2.88 | 3.228 | 碎石堆崩解[41][42] | |
348P/泛星(P/2011 A5) | 3.17 | 2.21 | 3.062 | ||
354P/林尼爾(P/2010 A2) | 2.29 | 2.00 | 3.583 | 0.22 | 撞擊[43] |
358P/泛星(P/2012 T1) | 3.15 | 2.41 | 3.134 | 0.32 | 撞擊/冰昇華[44] |
367P/卡特琳娜(P/2011 CR42) | 3.51 | 2.53 | 3.042 | ||
P/2013 R3-A (卡特琳娜-泛星) | 3.03 | 2.20 | 3.184 | 0.2 | 碎石堆崩解[45] |
P/2013 R3-B (卡特琳娜-泛星) | 3.03 | 2.20 | 3.184 | 0.2 | Rubble pile disintegration[45] |
P/2014 C1(托塔) | 3.04 | 1.69 | 3.077 | ||
P/2015 X6(泛星) | 2.75 | 2.29 | 3.319 | 碎石堆崩解或冰昇華[46] | |
P/2016 G1(泛星) | 2.58 | 2.04 | 3.367 | 0.2 | 撞擊[47] |
P/2016 J1-A(泛星) | 3.17 | 2.45 | 3.113 | 0.5 | 撞擊/冰昇華/碎石堆崩解[48] |
P/2016 J1-B (泛星) | 3.17 | 2.45 | 3.113 | 0.2 | Impact/ice sublimation/rubble pile disintegration[48] |
P/2016 P1 (泛星) | 3.23 | 2.28 | 2.967 | ||
P/2017 S5 (阿特拉斯) | 3.17 | 2.18 | 3.092 | 0.5 | 冰昇華[49] |
P/2017 S8 (泛星) | 2.78 | 1.68 | 3.040 | ||
P/2017 S9 (泛星) | 3.16 | 2.20 | 3.087 | ||
P/2018 P3 (泛星) | 3.01 | 1.76 | 3.096 | ||
P/2019 A3 (泛星) | 3.15 | 2.31 | 3.100 | ||
P/2019 A4 (泛星) | 2.61 | 2.36 | 3.365 | ||
P/2019 A7 (泛星) | 3.19 | 2.68 | 3.103 | ||
P/2020 O1 (萊蒙-泛星) | 2.65 | 2.33 | 3.376 | ||
P/2021 A5 (泛星) | 3.05 | 2.62 | 3.147 |
探索
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg/300px-PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg)
卡斯塔利亞是一個提議中的太空任務,用機械人探測133P/埃爾斯特-皮薩羅,並對小行星帶中的水進行首次的"原地"量測,從而幫助解開地球水起源之謎[50]。領導人是來自英國開放大學的科林·斯諾德格拉斯(Colin Snodgrass)。 卡斯塔利亞是在2015年和2016年向歐洲太空總署的宇宙視覺計劃M4和M5兩度提出企劃,但都沒有被選中。團隊仍在持續完善任務概念和科學目標[50]。由於建造時間和軌道動力學的要求,建議發射日期為2028年10月[50]。
OSIRIS-REx在進入近地小行星101955 貝努的繞行軌道後不久,在2019年1月6日,首度觀測到這顆小行星發生粒子拋射事件,導致它被劃分為活躍小行星;這也是太空船首次近距離觀測到小行星的活動。自此次事件之後,它至少觀測到10起其它的此類事件[3]。這些觀測到的質量損失事件規模,比以前用望遠鏡在其它小行星上觀測到的要小得多,表明在活躍小行星上存在質量損失事件量級的連續與統一是一體的 [31]。
相關條目
[編輯]外部連結
[編輯]- Henry Hsieh's 主帶彗星,對細節有較詳盡的說明。
- 行星學會在MBCs 的文章。(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 在 MBCs討論主帶彗星和其他彗星在水的特徵上可能有的區別。(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 大衛·朱維特的活躍小行星(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- YouTube 對大衛·朱維特的訪問(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (大約在影帶的第9分鐘有談到主帶彗星)
- 大衛·朱維特觸發撞擊機制的圖。(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Comet-like appearance of (596) Scheila(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Project T3: Finding Comets in the Asteroid Population
- Proper elements of active asteroids at Asteroid Families Portal (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Discussion of possible differences in characteristics of the water in MBCs and other comets (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Jewitt, David. The Active Asteroids. The Astronomical Journal. 2012, 143 (3): 66. Bibcode:2012AJ....143...66J. S2CID 45208650. arXiv:1112.5220
. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/66.
- Hsieh, Henry H.; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader; Kaluna, Heather M.; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Novaković, Bojan; Jedicke, Robert; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Armstrong, James D.; Duddy, Samuel R.; Lowry, Stephen C.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Micheli, Marco; Keane, Jacqueline V.; Urban, Laurie; Riesen, Timm; Meech, Karen J.; Abe, Shinsuke; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Chen, Wen-Ping; Granvik, Mikael; Grav, Tommy; Ip, Wing-Huen; Kinoshita, Daisuke; Kleyna, Jan; Lacerda, Pedro; Lister, Tim; Milani, Andrea; et al. DISCOVERY OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2006 VW 139 BY Pan-STARRS1. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 748 (1): L15. Bibcode:2012ApJ...748L..15H. S2CID 8693844. arXiv:1202.2126
. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/748/1/L15.
- New Comet: P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (Remanzacco Observatory : 16 Oct 2012)
- Ferrín, Ignacio; Zuluaga, Jorge; Cuartas, Pablo. The location of Asteroidal Belt Comets (ABCs), in a comet's evolutionary diagram: The Lazarus Comets. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2013, 434 (3): 1821–1837. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.1821F. S2CID 118177774. arXiv:1305.2621
. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt839.
- P/2013 R3: a Main Belt Comet that is breaking apart. J. Licandro (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) New images obtained with the GTC
參考資料
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|journal=
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