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薰衣草油

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薰衣草油,装在玻璃瓶中

薰衣草油(英语:Lavender oil,CAS号:8000-28-0)是通过蒸馏某些薰衣草品种的花穗获得的精油。不同的品种提取出的薰衣草油有着不同的香气:提取自狭叶薰衣草(又名真薰衣草、英国薰衣草)的薰衣草油(lavender flower oil)有着清甜的花香,提取自宽叶薰衣草(又名穗状薰衣草、穗花薰衣草)的穗状薰衣草油(lavender spike oil)在清香中带有清凉的草药香,宽窄叶杂交薰衣草(又名醒目薰衣草[1])的精油香气则介于两者之间。[2][3]

与所有精油一样,薰衣草油不是纯净的单一化合物,而是复杂的植物性化合物的混合物,精油成分也因薰衣草的品种而异。[4]狭叶薰衣草精油的主要成分包括乙酸芳樟醇芳樟醇,而穗状薰衣草油的主要成分包括芳樟醇、桉叶油醇樟脑[4]

生产

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薰衣草油是通过水蒸气蒸馏法生产的。[5][6]这种方法减少了极性化合物的损失,与其他方法相比能产生更多的精油。[7]薰衣草花的收获期通常在六月下旬至八月之间。[8]剪下的薰衣草花序被压入薰衣草蒸馏器中,水蒸汽从蒸馏器底部进入加热薰衣草。[5]油腺在加热过程中破裂,释放出的薰衣草油汽化与水蒸汽一起上升,在上方的冷管上凝结成液体,被收集到储罐中。[5]由于水和薰衣草油有着不同的极性和密度,两者不互溶,会在储罐中分层,将水从管道排出,即得到薰衣草油。[5][9]

薰衣草油在世界各地都有生产,其中保加利亚、法国和中国的产量领先。[10][11]

用途

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薰衣草油被用于香水芳香疗法皮肤涂抹[12]但这些用法没有临床益处。[13]薰衣草油用于按摩疗法,通过直接接触皮肤使人放松,但可能会发生过敏反应[13]目前没有充分的证据支持使用薰衣草油治疗失智症[14]

2021年的一项荟萃分析包括五项针对焦虑症患者的研究,这五项研究均由所用薰衣草油胶囊的制造商资助,其中四项研究是由荟萃分析的一位作者进行,[15] 不清楚它们是否是盲法试验[16]这项分析显示,每天口服80毫克薰衣草油与汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表上的焦虑评分降低相关。[15]根据国家补充与替代医学中心英语National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health的说法,由于这些研究的局限性,口服薰衣草油治疗焦虑症的有效性仍不确定。[13]

在蒸馏松节油普及之前,穗状薰衣草油曾被用作油画溶剂[17]

可能的不良影响

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尽管人们普遍认为薰衣草油对其预期用途是安全的[18]但它是一种潜在的内分泌干扰物,持续接触可能会影响女孩和男孩的乳房发育。[19]

包括薰衣草油在内的许多精油,如果服用都有毒性。[20][21]一般来说,服用5毫升的稀释精油可能会导致成人中毒,2-3毫升可能会导致儿童中毒。[22] 2014-2018年,新南威尔士州报告了271起薰衣草油中毒病例,占所有精油中毒病例的6.1%,中毒者大多数是儿童。[21]

薰衣草油的主要有毒成分是乙酸芳樟酯芳樟醇[20][23]

摄入薰衣草油中毒的症状包括视力模糊、呼吸困难、喉咙灼痛、眼睛灼伤、神志不清、意识水平下降、腹泻、胃痛、呕吐和皮疹。[20]局部涂抹薰衣草油可能会引起接触性皮炎[22]

摄入的薰衣草油可能会与处方药发生相互作用,包括抗凝剂他汀类药物抗癫痫药物[24]

化学成分

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薰衣草油的植物性化合物成分因品种而异,主要由单萜倍半萜醇组成。[24]主要是芳樟醇(20-35%)和乙酸芳樟酯(30-55%),并有中等水平的乙酸薰衣草酯、4-松油醇、薰衣草醇桉叶油醇樟脑柠烯单宁[24]薰衣草油通常含有100多种化合物,尽管其中许多化合物的浓度可以忽略不计。[24][25]

通过色谱法得到的薰衣草精油的成分: [4]

成分 狭叶薰衣草 宽叶薰衣草
萜烯/单萜醇
芳樟醇
28.92 % 49.47 %
α-松油醇 0.90% 1.08%
γ-松油醇 0.09%
冰片 1.43%
异冰片 0.82%
4-松油醇 4.32%
橙花醇 0.20%
薰衣草醇 0.78%
萜烯/萜烯酯
乙酸芳樟酯
32.98 %
乙酸香叶酯 0.60%
乙酸橙花酯 0.32%
乙酸蘑菇酯 0.65%
乙酸薰衣草酯 4.52%
萜烯/单萜 月桂烯 0.46% 0.41%
α-蒎烯 0.54%
β-蒎烯 0.33%
莰烯 0.30%
( E )-β-罗勒烯 3.09%
( Z )-β-罗勒烯 4.44%
β-水芹烯 0.12%
萜烯/萜类氧化物
桉叶油醇
25.91 %
萜烯/倍半萜烯 β-石竹烯 4.62% 2.10%
β-金合欢烯 2.73%
β-月桂烯 0.27%
α-葎草烯 0.28%
酮类
樟脑
0.85% 13:00 %
3-辛酮 0.72%

隐品酮(Cryptone)
0.35%

参考

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  1. ^ 盐屋绍子. 精油大全. 江西科学技术出版社. 2019. ISBN 9787539069524. 
  2. ^ 国际化妆品原料标准中文名称目录(2010年版)
  3. ^ 向杰; 程锴. 香精香料应用技术基础. 化学工业出版社. 2021. ISBN 9787122391810. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Marincaş, Olivian; Feher, Ioana. A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018-12-01, 125: 241–247. ISSN 0926-6690. S2CID 104553013. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lis-Balchin, Maria. Lavender: The Genus Lavandula. CRC Press. August 2002. ISBN 978-0-203-21652-1 (英语). 
  6. ^ Health (U.S.), National Institute of. Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1919 (英语). 
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  8. ^ Simmons, Adelma Grenier. Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. Rodale Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-87857-792-7 (英语). 
  9. ^ Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ. Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. March 2002, 247 (1): 167–76. Bibcode:2002JCIS..247..167C. PMID 16290453. doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.8110. 
  10. ^ Mihala, Lorelei. Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success. BBC News. 2020-07-30 [2020-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-11) (英国英语). 
  11. ^ Giray, Handan. An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants. November 2018, 21 (6): 1612–1623. S2CID 107300743. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612. 
  12. ^ Groom N. The New Perfume Handbook 2nd. Blackie Academic & Professional. 1997: 184–186. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lavender. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020 [1 July 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-01). 
  14. ^ Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Meta-analysis). August 2020, 2020 (8): CD003150. PMC 7437395可免费查阅. PMID 32813272. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 von Känel, Roland; Kasper, Siegfried; Bondolfi, Guido; et al. Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior. 2021-04-11, 11 (4): e01997. ISSN 2162-3279. PMC 8035468可免费查阅. PMID 33638614. doi:10.1002/brb3.1997. 
  16. ^ Generoso, Marcelo B.; Soares, Amanda; Taiar, Ivan T.; Cordeiro, Quirino; Shiozawa, Pedro. Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017, 37 (1): 115–117. ISSN 1533-712X. PMID 27861196. S2CID 42697028. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615. 
  17. ^ The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art. Oxford University Press. 2008: 605–606. ISBN 978-0-19-531391-8. 
  18. ^ Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates). FDA. [24 March 2022]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-01). 
  19. ^ Endocrine disruptors. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health. 2 June 2023 [5 July 2023]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11) (英语). 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lavender oil. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 13 November 2021 [9 January 2020]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-23). Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous. 
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  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Essential oil poisoning. Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. July 2021 [2023-09-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-21). Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults 
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  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Lavender. Drugs.com. 22 October 2021 [25 May 2022]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-19). 
  25. ^ Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G. Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. September 2002, 970 (1–2): 225–34. PMID 12350096. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2.