怀塔哈企鹅

怀塔哈企鹅; 化石时期：全新世 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
保护状况
	绝灭（1300–1500）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	企鹅目 Sphenisciformes
科：	企鹅科 Spheniscidae
属：	黄眼企鹅属 Megadyptes
种：	M. antipodes
亚种：	†怀塔哈企鹅 M. a. waitaha
三名法
	†Megadyptes antipodes waitaha; (Boessenkool et al., 2009)
异名
	Megadyptes waitaha

怀塔哈企鹅（学名：Megadyptes antipodes waitaha）是黄眼企鹅的一个灭绝的亚种，于2008年11月期间不经意地在研究新西兰的黄眼企鹅时识别出来。奥塔哥大学及阿德莱德大学的研究团体将一批500年及100年前的企鹅脚骨与现存的企鹅标本进行比对^[5]，预期所有脚骨均属于已知的黄眼企鹅。但500年前的这一批脚骨，却出现了不同的DNA排序，普遍大小也比黄眼企鹅小10%，被认为是一种与黄眼企鹅相近但却独立的新种^[6]。而2019及2022年的后续DNA研究建议将它们归类为黄眼企鹅的亚种M. a. waitaha。^[3]^[4]

由于当地毛利人对它全无纪录，因此研究团体估算怀塔哈企鹅应在公元1300年－1500年间面临绝种，大约是稍迟于毛利人到达新西兰的时间。是次报告发表在英国科学期刊《皇家学会报告》上^[7]^[6]^[8]。

参见

新西兰鸟类列表

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Boessenkool, Sanne; Austin, Jeremy J; Worthy, Trevor H; Scofield, Paul; Cooper, Alan; Seddon, Philip J; Waters, Jonathan M. Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009-03-07, 276 (1658): 815–821. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2664357 . PMID 19019791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1246.
^ Megadyptes waitaha. NZTCS. nztcs.org.nz. [3 April 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-03）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Cole, T.L.; Ksepka, D.T.; Mitchell, K.J.; Tennyson, A.J.; Thomas, D.B.; Pan, H.; Zhang, G.; Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Bover, P.; Bouzat, J.L. Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2019, 36 (4): 784–797. PMID 30722030. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017 .
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cole, Theresa L.; Zhou, Chengran; Fang, Miaoquan; Pan, Hailin; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Fiddaman, Steven R.; Emerling, Christopher A.; Thomas, Daniel B.; Bi, Xupeng; Fang, Qi; Ellegaard, Martin R.; Feng, Shaohong; Smith, Adrian L.; Heath, Tracy A.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins. Nature Communications. 2022-07-19, 13 (1): 3912 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31508-9 . hdl:11250/3049871 . （原始内容存档于2024-05-07）（英语）.
^ Askin, Pauline. Researchers stumble upon new penguin species. Reuters. 2008-11-20 [2008-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Rare penguin took over from rival. BBC News. 2008-11-19 [2008-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）.
^ Boessenkool, Sanne; Austin, Jeremy J; Worthy, Trevor H; Scofield, Paul; Cooper, Alan; Seddon, Philip J; Waters, Jonathan M. Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009-03-07, 276 (1658) [2022-11-16]. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2664357 . PMID 19019791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1246. （原始内容存档于2022-11-16）（英语）.
^ Fox, Rebecca. Ancient species of penguin found in DNA of bones. Otago Daily Times. 2008-11-20 [2008-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-09）.

[boessenkool-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Boessenkool, Sanne; Austin, Jeremy J; Worthy, Trevor H; Scofield, Paul; Cooper, Alan; Seddon, Philip J; Waters, Jonathan M. Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009-03-07, 276 (1658): 815–821. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2664357 . PMID 19019791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1246.

[NZTCS-2] Megadyptes waitaha. NZTCS. nztcs.org.nz. [3 April 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-03）.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Cole, T.L.; Ksepka, D.T.; Mitchell, K.J.; Tennyson, A.J.; Thomas, D.B.; Pan, H.; Zhang, G.; Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Bover, P.; Bouzat, J.L. Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2019, 36 (4): 784–797. PMID 30722030. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz017 .

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cole, Theresa L.; Zhou, Chengran; Fang, Miaoquan; Pan, Hailin; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Fiddaman, Steven R.; Emerling, Christopher A.; Thomas, Daniel B.; Bi, Xupeng; Fang, Qi; Ellegaard, Martin R.; Feng, Shaohong; Smith, Adrian L.; Heath, Tracy A.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins. Nature Communications. 2022-07-19, 13 (1): 3912 [2024-08-17]. ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31508-9 . hdl:11250/3049871 . （原始内容存档于2024-05-07）（英语）.

[reuters1120-5] Askin, Pauline. Researchers stumble upon new penguin species. Reuters. 2008-11-20 [2008-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）.

[BBC1120-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Rare penguin took over from rival. BBC News. 2008-11-19 [2008-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）.

[Boessenkool-7] Boessenkool, Sanne; Austin, Jeremy J; Worthy, Trevor H; Scofield, Paul; Cooper, Alan; Seddon, Philip J; Waters, Jonathan M. Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009-03-07, 276 (1658) [2022-11-16]. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2664357 . PMID 19019791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1246. （原始内容存档于2022-11-16）（英语）.

[ODT1120-8] Fox, Rebecca. Ancient species of penguin found in DNA of bones. Otago Daily Times. 2008-11-20 [2008-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-09）.

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