扁蜷科

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扁蜷科
Indoplanorbis exustus
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 软体动物门 Mollusca
纲： 腹足纲 Gastropoda
总科： 扁蜷总科 Planorboidea
科： 扁蜷科 Planorbidae
Rafinesque, 1815[1]
属

见内文

多样性[2]
约250种淡水物种

扁蜷科（学名：Planorbidae），亦作扁卷螺科，是腹足纲之下的一个单系群支序，本科物种皆为可呼吸空气的淡水螺[3]。原属有肺目基眼亚目椎实螺总科，今属异鳃类泛有肺类喜湿螺类支序[4]。

本科多个物种的外壳都是平旋壳（planispiral）[5]，与一般腹足纲物种的外壳形状不同。外壳看似是右旋，但其实是螺把壳上下颠倒来背在身上，使左旋的外壳看起来像是右旋。 因其外形，本科物种又称羊角螺（英语：Ramshorn snail）。

由于本科物种的头和腹足都比较细小，使得它们头上丝般幼的触角显得很细长。

分类[编辑]

对于部分分类元来说，是否应该归入扁蜷科仍有争议。这对于淡水帽贝Ferrissia跟Ancylus这两个属来说由其合适。这些属有时会被归入椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）；另外亦有文献把上述两个属放进各自的一个科里。然而，在布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)[3]的分类，这些属被归为扁蜷亚科（Planorbinae）之下的Ancylini族。以下将详述这个分类的具体内容。

2005年分类[编辑]

根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，本科包括下列各个亚科[3]：

  • 扁蜷亚科 Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815
    • 扁蜷族 Planorbini Rafinesque, 1815[6]：synonyms: Choanomphalinae P. Fisher & Crosse, 1880; Orygoceratidae Brusina, 1882
    • tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815 - synonym: Pseudancylinae Walker, 1923 (inv.)
    • tribe Biomphalariini H. Watson, 1954 - synonyms: Acrorbini Starobogatov, 1958; Drepanothrematini Zilch, 1959; Taphiinae Harry & Hubendick, 1964
    • tribe Planorbulini Pilsbry, 1934
    • tribe Segmentinini F.C. Baker, 1945
  • subfamily Bulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1880
    • tribe Bulinini P. Fischer & Crosse, 1880 - synonyms: Laevapicinae Hannibal, 1912; Isidorinae Annandale, 1922; Gundlachiinae Starobogatov, 1967
    • tribe Coretini Gray, 1847 - synonyms: Pompholicinae Dall, 1866 (inv.); Camptoceratinae Dall, 1870; Megasystrophinae Tryon, 1871 (inv.); Pompholycodeinae Lindholm, 1927; Helisomatinae F. C. Baker, 1928; Bayardellini Starobogatov & Prozorova, 1990; Planorbariini Starobogatov, 1990
    • tribe Miratestini P. & F. Sarasin, 1897 - synonyms: Ferrissiinae Walker, 1917; Ancylastrinae Walker, 1923; Protancylinae Walker, 1923; Physastrinae Starobogatov, 1958; Ameriannini Zilch, 1959; Patelloplanorbidae Franc, 1968
    • tribe Plesiophysini Bequaert & Clench, 1939
  • subfamily Neoplanorbinae Hannibal, 1912 - synonym: Payettiinae Dall, 1924
  • subfamily Rhodacmeinae Walker, 1917

2007年本科部分物种的分类[编辑]

Albrecht等(2007)[6]分析过本科部分物种，based on sequences of mitochondrial 18S ribosomal DNA and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes, and on the basis of the results, they rearranged the taxonomy like this:

"A-clade" sensu Albrecht et al. (2007)[6]

Tribus Bulinini

Tribus Ancylini Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815

"B-clade" sensu Albrecht et al. (2007)[6]

Tribus Camptoceratini

扁蜷族 Planorbini

Tribus Segmentinini

"C-Clade" sensu Albrecht et al. (2007)[6]

Cladogram[编辑]

The following is a cladogram that shows the phylogenic relationships within the Planorbidae according to Albrecht 2007:[6]

 
new family? "A‑clade"

Burnupia; Burnupia cafra and Burnupia stenochorias

 
 
Bulinidae / Bulininae

Bulinus tropicus and Indoplanorbis exustus

 
Planorbidae
 
Ancylinae
Ancylini
 

Ancylus fluviatilis

 
 

Ferrissia

 
 
Laevapecini
 

Laevapex fuscus

 
 
 

Gundlachia radiata

 
 

Hebetancylus excentricus

 
 
 
 
new subfamily? "B‑clade"
 

Glyptophysa sp.

 
 
 

Protancylus adhaerens

 
 
 

Kessneria papillosa

 
 

Leichhardtia sisurnius

 
 
 
 
 
 
Camptoceratini?

Planorbarius corneus

 
Planorbinae
 
 
 

Anisus spirorbis

 
 

Bathyomphalus contortus

 
 
 
 

Gyraulus (Caronogyraulus) sp.

 
 
 

Choanomphalus maacki

 
 

Planorbis planorbis

 
 
 
 
 
 

Segmentina nitida

 
 
 

Hippeutis complanatus

 
 

Polypylis hemisphaerula

 
 
 
 
new subfamily? "C‑clade"
 
 

Menetus dilatatus

 
 

Planorbella tenue

 
 
 
 

Biomphalaria ► - Biomphalaria glabrata

 
 

Planorbula armigera

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

属[编辑]

本科的模式属是 Planorbis Müller（英语：Otto Friedrich Müller）。以下列出主要根据布歇特及其他人(2005)的分类[3]，因为Albrecht (2007)的分类并未整全的包括本科所有的属。至于每个属的亚属则依照 Glöer (2002) 的文献[7]。以下综合三份文献的结果：

View of the sunken spire of the shell of Anisus septemgyratus
亚科地位未定(other genera that are not yet sorted are listed here)

The genus Camptoceratops Wenz, 1923 is no longer considered to be a planorbid. It was recognised by Curry (1965, p. 360) as a euthecosomatous pteropod (Heterobranchia) (note by Arie W. Janssen, 092507).

属名 Taphius H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 为Biomphalaria的异名。[3]

Shell description[编辑]

Apical, apertural and umbilical view of the shell of Biomphalaria tenagophila. Scale bar is 3 mm.

The shells of most species in this family are disk-like or button-like, being coiled in one plane, although several groups have shells that are more higher-spired, and some are limpet-like.

All coiled shell Planorbidae are sinistral in their shell coiling, as is proved by their internal anatomy (the respiratory and the genital orifice are situated on the left side), however the animals carry their shells with what would normally be the ventral (i.e. umbilical) surface uppermost, and because of this, the shells appear to be dextral.

Indeed, formerly planorbids were thought to have dextral shells, and so species of this family were figured as if they had dextral shells. Although it is now understood that these species are sinistral in shell coiling, disk-like Planorbid shells are often still shown in illustrations oriented as if they were dextral.

Most species of coiled planorbids have a rather thin and moderately smooth shell, although more distinct sculpture such as a keel occurs in, and is diagnostic of, certain species. In the flat, keeled species, the whorls tend to overlap.

The aperture has a sharp outer lip. A peristome can be present, but often the lip is not thickened nor reflected. Those planorbid species which have a high-spired shell may have a narrow umbilicus, but frequently this is covered by callus.

In height most species vary between 6 mm and 6 cm, however, disk-like shells are usually less than about 2 cm in maximum dimension.

Like all pulmonate aquatic snails, ramshorn shells do not have an operculum to close the shell aperture.

Sinistral shells[编辑]

Great ram's-horn
Planorbarius corneus. View of the sunken spire (held facing downwards in life)
Great ram's-horn
Planorbarius corneus. View of the umbilicus (held uppermost in life)
白化了的扁卷螺科物种，令带有血红素的身体组织在身体内显得红红啡啡的。

Flat-coiled planorbid gastropod shells are hard to understand in terms of their coiling and orientation. Many of the shells of species in this family are almost planispiral in coiling such that one side of the shell often looks rather like the other side, but it is important to bear in mind that nonetheless there is an umbilical side and a spire side of the shell. In addition these are in fact sinistral shells, despite the fact that the snail carries its shell as if it were a normal dextral shell. To make sense of the shell coiling, the following facts are useful:

  • In life, these pond snails hold their shells upside down compared to the normal gastropod shell orientation, with the umbilicus facing upwards
  • The spire of the shell is quite sunken in many species, in addition it is carried facing downwards
  • The umbilicus of the shell is very wide and shallow
  • In some species the umbilicus is not as deeply "dished" as the sunken spire is, so superficially it can be hard to tell one from the other

However, once it is understood that the planorbid shell is sinistral, if the shell is held with the aperture on the left and facing the observer, then the sunken spire side of the shell is uppermost. This is a convenience for understanding the shell, but is the opposite of the way the shell is actually carried in life.

The side of the shell which is in fact the spire (a sunken spire) faces down in the living animal, contrary to what is the case in almost all other shelled gastropods. Because the shell is carried "upside down" like this, the aperture of the shell is angled to face downwards also, so the aperture faces a little towards the spire, not away from it, as is usually the case in other shelled gastropods.

血色素[编辑]

相对于其他的软体动物，扁卷螺科物种的血液都含有血红素。因此，这些动物呼吸氧气时都较其他软体动物来得更有效；而血红素亦令这些动物的身体带红色，这尤其在白化物种身上更明显。

习性[编辑]

扁卷螺科的大多数物种都只能在淡水生活，只有少数物种能存活于咸淡水交界。所以对于其他未能存活于咸淡水的物种，亦令农夫可以用食盐来清除它们。

Geological history[编辑]

Ancestors of ramshorn snails are known with certainty since the Jurassic period. Modern taxa developed since the Cretaceous.

Geographical distribution[编辑]

Species in this family occur worldwide. In Northwest Europe about 20 species are known (including non-indigenous species). In this region, various extinct taxa are known to have occurred, starting in the Jurassic period.

参看[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Rafinesque, C. S. Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palermo. 1815: 223 pp., page 143 （法语）. 
  2. ^ Strong, E. E.; Gargominy, O.; Ponder, W. F.; Bouchet, P. Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater. Hydrobiologia. 2008, 595: 149-166.
    hdl:10088/7390
    . doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6 （英语）.     
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814. 
  4. ^ 《香港淡水貝類 - 腹足綱》. 香港自然生态论坛. 2015-02-15 [2015-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-04） （中文（繁体））. 
  5. ^ planospiral什么意思及同义词. 沪江词库. [2016-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-02）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Albrecht, C.; Kuhn, K.; Streit, B. A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling. Zoologica Scripta. 2007, 36: 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00258.x （英语）. 
  7. ^ Glöer, P. Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas (北歐和中歐的淡水腹足類動物). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands [德国的动物] ?. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 2002: 19–20. ISBN 3-925919-60-0 （德语）. 
  8. ^ Liu L et al. (2010) "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57.
  9. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Culmenella rezvoji. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 08 March 2011.

外部链接[编辑]

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