廢文

廢文，又稱狗屎帖（英語：shitposting），是在線上論壇或社群媒體當中具有侵略性、反諷性、惡搞性^[1]的低質貼文或內容。發廢文的使用者往往是故意破壞討論或蓄意發起網路論戰，以使該網站無法被其他使用者正常使用。^[2]

定義和用法[編輯]

廢文是一種現代形式的線上挑釁。這個術語本身出現在2000年代中期的圖像板上，如4chan，但這個概念並不新鮮；20世紀初的藝術運動達達主義創造了故意低品質或冒犯性的藝術，以挑釁藝術界。^[3]^[4] 薩姆·格雷斯為多邊形撰文，將廢文比作達達主義的 "混亂的、無背景的作品。特別因為它們是如此荒謬，在藝術和政治上都被視為革命性的作品"。格雷斯寫道，廢文的目標是 "讓觀眾在缺乏內容的情況下困惑，以至於他們大笑或微笑"。 ^[5]

迪肯大學的恐怖主義問題專家格雷格·巴頓教授說，種族主義廢文在網際網路上很常見，是人們聯絡和獲得關注的一種方式。他說，「社群媒體的重點就是它是社交的。你想要一些回饋，你希望人們喜歡你的東西，無論它是 Instagram 還是 Facebook都是如此。廢文就是提升你的個人名聲，讓人們喜歡你的東西的方式。你越諷刺和有趣，你得到的回應就越多。」 ^[6]^[7]

現代政治中[編輯]

在2016年美國總統選舉期間，廢文的政治用途開始凸顯出來。同年5月，「每日熱點」寫道，廢文是「一種故意的挑釁，旨在以最小的努力獲得最大的影響」。 ^[8]

2016 年 9 月，親川普團體「敏捷美國」受到媒體廣泛關注。 ^[9]^[10]^[11]「每日野獸」將該組織描述為「致力於『發布廢文』並傳播網路迷因來誹謗希拉蕊·柯林頓」。 ^[9]

2016 年 9 月，英國《獨立報》寫道，發布廢文是一種非政治「可以發揮多種作用的工具」。 ^[12] 但像這樣的貼文早在2016年美國總統選舉之前就出現了。」工程技術」雜誌寫道："無論是來自左翼還是右翼的廢文，都危險地接近於提供奧威爾兩分鐘仇恨的線上遠端轉移。^[13]

2016年11月，《時尚先生》雜誌寫道，"網路嘲諷正在變成一種政治手段，尤其是使用廢文。也許2020年的選舉將會是廢文比賽"。^[14]

2018年3月，談及Facebook 新都市主義組織廢文的使用，《芝加哥》雜誌將其定義為 "意在尷尬和不相關的貼文，意為分散社群媒體社群對其當前話題的討論"。 ^[15]^[16]

英國《金融時報》將廢文定義為「為了破壞討論，向線上論壇或社群網路張貼炫耀空洞和無背景的內容」。它給出了自由民主黨領導人喬·斯溫森的例子，在網路巨魔編造了一個關於她這樣做的廢文後，她被迫否認自己曾殺死過松鼠。 ^[17]^[18]

流行文化[編輯]

使用 Ace 硬體混戰開始時是一個諷刺性的Facebook帳戶的諷刺性廢文，但由於隨後的宣傳，最終變成了一個促銷活動。 ^[19]^[20]
突襲51區，他們不能阻止我們所有人引起全世界關注的事件是由一個名為「Shitposting cause im in shambles」的帳戶造成的。^[21]

參見[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

^ How spammers nearly destroyed the biggest 'Simpsons' meme page. The Daily Dot. 2016-08-24 [2021-10-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-08）. ... but that doesn't quite speak to the essence of 'shitposting', which encompasses content of aggressively, ironically, and of trollishly poor quality. Incoherent jokes, hasty Photoshopping, mashups, irrelevance, errors in spelling or grammar—all are hallmarks of the shitpost ...
^ Walker, Alex. Purges and politics in cyberspace. Cherwell. 2016-04-05 [2021-10-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-11）. 'Shitposting' according to the Open Oxford administrators Ash MQ & co involves 'a small coterie of members posting in-jokes, diary entries, and pictures of excrement' which meant that 'discussions were derailed, serious threads became lost amongst the nonsense, and most of the group's over 4000 members were put off ever getting involved.'
^ Francis M. Naumann, New York Dada, 1915–23 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2018-10-28., Abrams, 1994, ISBN 0-81093676-3
^ Mario de Micheli (2006)
^ Greszes, Sam. Shitposting is an art, if history is any indication. Polygon. 2018-12-17 [2018-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）.
^ Boseley, Matilda. Inside the 'shitposting' subculture the alleged Christchurch shooter belonged to. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019-03-17 [2020-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-24）（英語）.
^ TellMAMA. Brenton Tarrant: How the media helped turn the 'shitposting' terrorist into a meme. TELL MAMA. 2019-03-15 [2020-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-26）（英國英語）.
^ How to speak like a Donald Trump supporter. The Daily Dot. 2016-05-02 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-17）. ... shitposting means good posts with bad behavior. It has roots in older communities like Something Awful and 4chan, which celebrates the shitpost like no other. The shitpost is a troll, a deliberate provocation designed for maximum impact with minimum effort. It's bad. It's good.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Ben Collins, Gideon Resnick. Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine. 每日野獸. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-23）.
^ Hern, Alex. Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts'. 衛報. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-10）（英國英語）.
^ Horwitz, Josh. The founder of Oculus is funding a group that "shitposts" anti-Hillary Clinton memes. 石英財經網. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）（美國英語）.
^ Shitposting: What is the bizarre online behaviour that could win Donald Trump the election?. 獨立報 (英國). 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06）（英國英語）. Shitposting in itself doesn't appear to have much of a politics, instead being a tool that can be put to a variety of effects—being used from everyone from the far-right such as Trump fans to left-wing groups online like those meant to support Bernie Sanders.
^ Dempsey, Paul. Real-world politics torpedo Facebook's virtual pioneer. Engineering & Technology. 2016-09-27 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.
^ Why Canada Can't Laugh At America Anymore. Esquire. 2016-11-07 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-17）.
^ Mortice, Zach. Meet the 61,000 Transit Nerds of Facebook's 'New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens'. Chicago. Tronc. 29 March 2018 [30 April 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.
^ Mortice, Zach. Meet the 61,000 Transit Nerds of Facebook's 'New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens'. Zach Mortice. zachmortice.com. 9 April 2018 [30 April 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.
^ Year in a word: Shitposting. 金融時報 (英國). [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）.
^ Golby, Joel. This week's biggest Twitter controversy? Jo Swinson's squirrel problem. 衛報. Nov 21, 2019 [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.
^ INQUIRER.net - Happening now: Ace Hardware Sm City Lucena.... Facebook. 2016-04-15 [2016-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-08）.
^ Ace Hardware gets ready for 'Suntukan'. GMA News. 2016-04-15 [2016-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-22）.
^ Frank, Allegra. More than 2 million people have RSVP'd to 'storm Area 51'. Vox. Jul 12, 2019 [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-18）.

[Simps-1] How spammers nearly destroyed the biggest 'Simpsons' meme page. The Daily Dot. 2016-08-24 [2021-10-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-08）. ... but that doesn't quite speak to the essence of 'shitposting', which encompasses content of aggressively, ironically, and of trollishly poor quality. Incoherent jokes, hasty Photoshopping, mashups, irrelevance, errors in spelling or grammar—all are hallmarks of the shitpost ...

[cherwell-2] Walker, Alex. Purges and politics in cyberspace. Cherwell. 2016-04-05 [2021-10-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-11）. 'Shitposting' according to the Open Oxford administrators Ash MQ & co involves 'a small coterie of members posting in-jokes, diary entries, and pictures of excrement' which meant that 'discussions were derailed, serious threads became lost amongst the nonsense, and most of the group's over 4000 members were put off ever getting involved.'

[3] Francis M. Naumann, New York Dada, 1915–23 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2018-10-28., Abrams, 1994, ISBN 0-81093676-3

[4] Mario de Micheli (2006)

[5] Greszes, Sam. Shitposting is an art, if history is any indication. Polygon. 2018-12-17 [2018-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）.

[auto-6] Boseley, Matilda. Inside the 'shitposting' subculture the alleged Christchurch shooter belonged to. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019-03-17 [2020-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-24）（英語）.

[7] TellMAMA. Brenton Tarrant: How the media helped turn the 'shitposting' terrorist into a meme. TELL MAMA. 2019-03-15 [2020-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-26）（英國英語）.

[8] How to speak like a Donald Trump supporter. The Daily Dot. 2016-05-02 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-17）. ... shitposting means good posts with bad behavior. It has roots in older communities like Something Awful and 4chan, which celebrates the shitpost like no other. The shitpost is a troll, a deliberate provocation designed for maximum impact with minimum effort. It's bad. It's good.

[db-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Ben Collins, Gideon Resnick. Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine. 每日野獸. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-23）.

[10] Hern, Alex. Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts'. 衛報. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-10）（英國英語）.

[11] Horwitz, Josh. The founder of Oculus is funding a group that "shitposts" anti-Hillary Clinton memes. 石英財經網. 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）（美國英語）.

[:0-12] Shitposting: What is the bizarre online behaviour that could win Donald Trump the election?. 獨立報 (英國). 2016-09-23 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06）（英國英語）. Shitposting in itself doesn't appear to have much of a politics, instead being a tool that can be put to a variety of effects—being used from everyone from the far-right such as Trump fans to left-wing groups online like those meant to support Bernie Sanders.

[13] Dempsey, Paul. Real-world politics torpedo Facebook's virtual pioneer. Engineering & Technology. 2016-09-27 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.

[14] Why Canada Can't Laugh At America Anymore. Esquire. 2016-11-07 [2023-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-17）.

[Mortice_2018-1-15] Mortice, Zach. Meet the 61,000 Transit Nerds of Facebook's 'New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens'. Chicago. Tronc. 29 March 2018 [30 April 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.

[Mortice_2018-2-16] Mortice, Zach. Meet the 61,000 Transit Nerds of Facebook's 'New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens'. Zach Mortice. zachmortice.com. 9 April 2018 [30 April 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.

[17] Year in a word: Shitposting. 金融時報 (英國). [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）.

[18] Golby, Joel. This week's biggest Twitter controversy? Jo Swinson's squirrel problem. 衛報. Nov 21, 2019 [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）.

[19] INQUIRER.net - Happening now: Ace Hardware Sm City Lucena.... Facebook. 2016-04-15 [2016-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-08）.

[20] Ace Hardware gets ready for 'Suntukan'. GMA News. 2016-04-15 [2016-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-22）.

[21] Frank, Allegra. More than 2 million people have RSVP'd to 'storm Area 51'. Vox. Jul 12, 2019 [Mar 21, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-18）.

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