生存還是毀滅
外觀
「生存還是毀滅」(英語:To be, or not to be),是莎士比亞戲劇作品《哈姆雷特》第三幕第一場,哈姆雷特王子一段獨白的第一句前半部,很多人也會用這句來指整段獨白。在王子的演講中,他考慮了死亡與自殺,哀嘆這痛苦又不公的生活,也承認另一種選擇可能會更糟。這段開場白是世界文學、戲劇與音樂作品中常見被引用的一句,整句是:「生存還是毀滅,這是一個值得考慮的問題」(To be or not to be, that is the question)。
文本
[編輯]通行文本
[編輯]此版本的底本為第一對開本(1623),參照第二四開本(1604-1605)校訂,並以現代正字法拼寫。
- To be, or not to be, that is the question:
- Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
- The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
- Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
- And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep
- No more; and by a sleep, to say we end
- The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks
- That Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummation
- Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep,
- To sleep, perchance to Dream; aye, there's the rub,
- For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
- When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
- Must give us pause. There's the respect
- That makes Calamity of so long life:
- For who would bear the Whips and Scorns of time,
- The Oppressor's wrong, the proud man's Contumely,
- The pangs of dispised Love, the Law’s delay,
- The insolence of Office, and the spurns
- That patient merit of th'unworthy takes,
- When he himself might his Quietus make
- With a bare Bodkin? Who would Fardels bear, [F: these Fardels]
- To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
- But that the dread of something after death,
- The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
- No traveller returns, puzzles the will,
- And makes us rather bear those ills we have,
- Than fly to others that we know not of?
- Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
- And thus the native hue of Resolution
- Is sicklied o'er, with the pale cast of Thought,
- And enterprises of great pitch and moment, [F: pith]
- With this regard their Currents turn awry, [F: away]
- And lose the name of Action. Soft you now,
- The fair Ophelia? Nymph, in thy Orisons
- Be all my sins remember'd.
第一四開本文本
[編輯]第一四開本(Q1, 1603)是哈姆雷特最早的版本,但被認為是劇院演出時抄寫的山寨版,而非劇作早期的草稿(因此被稱為"壞四開本");Q1的某些地方確實和通行文本相符,但是在"生存還是毀滅"一段中問題頗多。例如行文中用"Hope"代替"dread",與通行文本的意思大相逕庭。此處的單詞同樣以現代正字法拼寫。
- To be, or not to be, Ay there's the point,
- To Die, to sleep, is that all? Aye all:
- No, to sleep, to dream, aye marry there it goes,
- For in that dream of death, when we awake,
- And borne before an everlasting Judge,
- From whence no passenger ever returned,
- The undiscovered country, at whose sight
- The happy smile, and the accursed damn'd.
- But for this, the joyful hope of this,
- Who'd bear the scorns and flattery of the world,
- Scorned by the right rich, the rich cursed of the poor?
- The widow being oppressed, the orphan wrong'd,
- The taste of hunger, or a tyrants reign,
- And thousand more calamities besides,
- To grunt and sweat under this weary life,
- When that he may his full Quietus make,
- With a bare bodkin, who would this endure,
- But for a hope of something after death?
- Which puzzles the brain, and doth confound the sense,
- Which makes us rather bear those evils we have,
- Than fly to others that we know not of.
- Aye that, O this conscience makes cowards of us all,
- Lady in thy orizons, be all my sins remembered.
第二四開本文本
[編輯]第二四開本(Q2, 1604-1605)被公認為本劇最早的可信版本(因此被稱為"好四開本")。在Q2中,整個場景發生的時間比Q1要晚:Q1中的場景直接發生於克勞迪斯和波洛涅斯計劃之後;且Q2添加了"Soft you now",表明哈姆雷特在講話時沒有(或假裝沒有)看到奧菲利亞。
- To be, or not to be, that is the question,
- Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
- The slings and arrows of outragious fortune,
- Or to take Arms against a sea of troubles,
- And by opposing, end them, to die to sleep
- No more, and by a sleep, to say we end
- The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks
- That flesh is heir too; tis a consumation
- Devoutly to be wish'd to die to sleep,
- To sleep, perhance to dream, ay, there's the rub,
- For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
- When we haue shuffled off this mortal coil
- Muſt giue vs pauſe, there's the reſpect
- That makes calamitie of ſo long life:
- For who would beare the whips and ſcorns of time,
- Th'oppreſſors wrong, the proude mans contumly,
- The pangs of deſpiz'd loue, the lawes delay,
- The inſolence of office, and the ſpurnes
- That patient merrit of the'vnworthy takes,
- When he himſelfe might his quietas make
- With a bare bodkin; who would fardels beare,
- To grunt and ſweat vnder a wearie life,
- But that the dread of ſomething after death,
- The vndiſcouer'd country, from whose borne
- No trauiler returnes, puzzels the will,
- And makes vs rather beare thoſe ills we haue,
- Then flie to others we know not of.
- Thus conſcience dooes make cowards,
- And thus the natiue hiew of reſolution
- Is ſickled ore with the pale caſt of thought,
- And enterpriſes of great pitch and moment,
- With this regard theyr currents turne awry,
- And loose the name of action. Soft you now,
- The faire Ophelia, Nimph in thy orizons
- Be all my ſinnes remembred.
第一對開本文本
[編輯]1623年由Issac Jaggard和Ed Blount出版的《威廉·莎士比亞先生的喜劇、歷史劇和悲劇》被稱為"第一對開本" (F1),其中收錄的《哈姆雷特》文本與第二對開本基本相似,本段中,二者的不同基本在於排版:增加部分標點符號和大寫字母。
- To be, or not to be, that is the Question:
- Whether ’tis Nobler in the mind to suffer
- The Slings and Arrows of outragious Fortune,
- Or to take Armes against a Sea of troubles,
- And by opposing end them: to dye, to sleep
- No more; and by a sleep, to say we end
- The Heart-ake, and the thouſand Naturall ſhockes
- That Flesh is heyre too? 'Tis a consummation
- Deuoutly to be wiſh'd. To dye to sleepe,
- To sleep, perchance to Dream; I, there's the rub,
- For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
- When we haue ſhufflel』d off this mortall coile,
- Muſt giue us pause. There's the respect
- That makes Calamity of long life:
- For who would beare the Whips and Scornes of time,
- The Oppreſſors wrong, the poore mans Contumely,
- The pangs of diſpriz』d Loue, the Lawes delay,
- The inſolence of Office, and the Spurnes
- That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
- When he himſelfe might his Quietus make
- With a bare Bodkin? Who would theſe Fardles beare
- To grunt and ſweat vnder a weary life,
- But that the dread of ſomething after death,
- The vndiſcouered Countrey, from whoſe Borne
- No Traueller returnes, Puzels the will,
- And makes vs rather beare those illes we haue,
- Then flye to others that we know not of.
- Thus Conſcience does make Cowards of vs all,
- And thus the Natiue hew of Resolution
- Is ſicklied o’re, with the pale caſt of Thought,
- And enterprizes of great pith and moment,
- With this regard their Currants turne away,
- And looſe the name of Action. Soft you now,
- The faire Ophelia? Nimph, in thy Orizons
- Be all my ſinnes remembred.
中文翻譯
[編輯]朱生豪譯文
[編輯]- 生存還是毀滅,這是一個值得考慮的問題;默然忍受命運的暴虐的毒箭,或是挺身反抗人世的無涯的苦難,通過鬥爭把它們掃清,這兩種行為,哪一種更高貴?死了;睡著了;什麼都完了;要是在這一種睡眠之中,我們心頭的創痛,以及其他無數血肉之軀所不能避免的打擊,都可以從此消失,那正是我們求之不得的結局。死了;睡著了;睡著了也許還會做夢;嗯,阻礙就在這兒:因為當我們擺脫了這一具朽腐的皮囊以後,在那死的睡眠里,究竟將要做些什麼夢,那不能不使我們躊躇顧慮。人們甘心久困於患難之中,也就是為了這個緣故;誰願意忍受人世的鞭撻和譏嘲、壓迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被輕蔑的愛情的慘痛、法律的遷延、官吏的橫暴和費盡辛勤所換來的小人的鄙視,要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?誰願意負著這樣的重擔,在煩勞的生命的壓迫下呻吟流汗,倘不是因為害怕不可知的死後,害怕那從來不曾有一個旅人回來過的神秘之國,是它迷惑了我們的意志,使我們寧願忍受目前的折磨,不敢向我們所不知道的痛苦飛去?這樣,重重的顧慮使我們全變成了懦夫,決心的赤熱的光彩,被審慎的思維蓋上了一層灰色,偉大的事業在這一種考慮之下,也會逆流而退,失去了行動的意義。且慢!美麗的奧菲利婭!——女神,在你的祈禱之中,不要忘記替我懺悔我的罪孽。[1]
參考文獻
[編輯]外部連結
[編輯]- 《哈姆雷特主義》 - 《哈姆雷特》的後現代演出
- 臺大圖書館數位學習網_線上文學書房
- 臺大圖書館數位學習網_英語朗讀:從莎士比亞開始
- HyperHamlet(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) - research project at the University of Basel (英文)
- 哈姆雷特中文版 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- 莎士比亞的全部作品集 (簡體中文)
- Wordsmith.org, Article from the Sydney Morning Hearld, 1999.
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