黃金德
黃金德（Wong Kim Ark[1]）出生於舊金山，各種來源表明他有可能是出生於1873年[2]、1871年[3]或1868年[4]。他的父親黃四平（Wong Si Ping，音譯）和母親李薇（Wee Lee，音譯）都是來自中國的移民，而二人皆非美國公民[5]:74[6]:51。黃金德在舊金山做廚師[7]。
1890年，黃金德到中國探親，並於同年7月回美國，這一次他的美國身份沒有受到質疑，所以一路平安無事。1894年11月，他再次搭船臨時前往中國，但到了次年8月回國時，他被舊金山港的移民局人員拒絕入境並予以拘留。移民局人員認為黃金德雖然出生在美國境內，但由於他的父母都是中國人，所以他也應該是中國而非美國公民，根據美國排華法案無權入境。[8]
在中華公所法律代表的幫助下[9]:67，黃金德對拒絕承認他生來就是美國公民的人提出挑戰，並向美國聯邦地區法院發起人身保護令的呈請[10][11]。美國最高法院最終於1898年審理了他的案件，正式名稱為 美國訴黃金德案（United States v. Wong Kim Ark）。根據《憲法》第十四條修正案，「所有在美國出生或歸化並受其管轄的人」都被授予公民身份，法院必須裁定黃金德作為出生在美國的中國移民子女，是否擁有與生俱來的公民身份。
最高法院做出了有利於黃的裁決，指出他確實因出生而成為美國公民。法院的裁決確立了與生俱來的公民權原則，確認任何在美國領土上出生的人，無論其父母的移民身份或國籍如何，都自動成為美國公民。儘管最高法院在1889年的柴禪平訴合眾國案曾裁決支持排華法案，黃氏案的判決對美國移民和公民權法律的形成起到了關鍵作用。這是向移民權利平等化邁出的重要一步，並強化了在美國土地上出生即獲得公民身份的基本原則。
最高法院做出裁決後，黃金德繼續過著私人生活。雖然他的案件產生了持久的影響，但他仍然相對默默無聞，直到20世紀後期及21世紀，他的故事作為「美國夢」和「出生公民權」重要性的象徵得到更多認可。黃金德據信於1930年代或1940年代在中國逝世。[12] 作為最高法院一個具有里程碑意義的案件中的核心人物，他留下了一筆歷史遺產，該案鞏固了美國公民出生地原則。[13]
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 轉寫自台山話發音：wong11 gim33 'ak3.
- ^ Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. at 649. "This was a writ of habeas corpus ... in behalf of Wong Kim Ark, who alleged that he ... was born at San Francisco in 1873 ...."
- ^ Affidavit signed by Wong Kim Ark on November 5, 1894. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno, California. (Wong gives his age as 23.)
- ^ First page of testimony given by Wong Kim Ark at an immigration hearing for his youngest son, Wong Yook Jim, on July 23, 1926. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno, California. (Wong Kim Ark gives his age as 57.)
- ^ Glen, Patrick J. Wong Kim Ark and Sentencia que Declara Constitucional la Ley General de Migración 285-04 in Comparative Perspective: Constitutional Interpretation, Jus Soli Principles, and Political Morality. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. Fall 2007, 39 (1): 67–109. JSTOR 40176768.
- ^ Elinson, Elaine; Yogi, Stan. Wherever There's a Fight: How Runaway Slaves, Suffragists, Immigrants, Strikers and Poets Shaped Civil Liberties in California. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59714-114-7.
- ^ Davis, Lisa. The Progeny of Citizen Wong. SF Weekly. 1998-11-04 [2013-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-21）.
Wong Kim Ark spent most of his life as a cook in various Chinatown restaurants. In 1894, Wong visited his family in China.
- ^ Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. at 650. "Because the said Wong Kim Ark, although born in the city and county of San Francisco, State of California, United States of America, is not, under the laws of the State of California and of the United States, a citizen thereof, the mother and father of the said Wong Kim Ark being Chinese persons and subjects of the Emperor of China, and the said Wong Kim Ark being also a Chinese person and a subject of the Emperor of China."
- ^ Salyer, Lucy E. Wong Kim Ark: The Contest Over Birthright Citizenship. Martin, David; Schuck, Peter (編). Immigration Stories. New York: Foundation Press. 2005. ISBN 1-58778-873-X.
- ^ Woodworth (1898), p. 556. "From this refusal to permit him to land, a writ of habeas corpus was sued out in the United States District Court .... [T]hat court discharged Wong Kim Ark on the ground that he was a citizen of the United States by virtue of his birth in this country, and that the Chinese Exclusion Acts were therefore inapplicable to him."
- ^ In re Wong Kim Ark, 71 F. 382 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-05-13. (N.D.Cal. 1896).
- ^ By Accident of Birth (2022). NPR. 2023-08-24 [2023-09-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-26）.
- ^ How the Fight for Birthright Citizenship Shaped the History of Asian American Families: Even after Wong Kim Ark successfully took his case to the Supreme Court 125 years ago, Asian Americans struggled to receive recognition as U.S. citizens. 史密森尼 (雜誌). 2023-03-27 [2023-09-03]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-03）.
