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| Chur | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
 徽章 | |
 Chur地圖 | |
| 國家 |  瑞士 |
| 州 | 格勞賓登州 |
| 區 | Plessur |
| 政府 | |
| • Executive | Stadtrat with 3 members |
| • Stadtpräsident | Urs Marti（FDP） （更新至February 2014） |
| 面積 | |
| • 總計 | 28.01 平方公里（10.81 平方英里） |
| 海拔 | 593 公尺（1,946 英尺） |
| 最高海拔 （Fürhörnli） | 1,885 公尺（6,184 英尺） |
| 最低海拔 （Bettlerküche） | 554 公尺（1,818 英尺） |
| 人口（2020-12） | |
| • 總計 | 36,336人 |
| • 密度 | 1,297人/平方公里（3,360人/平方英里） |
| 郵政編碼 | 7000-7007 |
| SFOS號碼 | 3901 |
| Localities | Altstadt, Sand, Kasernenquartier, Industriegebiet, Loestrasse-Lürlibad, Masans, Rheinquartier |
| 周圍市鎮 | 庫爾瓦爾登, 多馬特, 費爾斯貝格, 哈爾登施泰因, 馬拉德斯, Malix, 特里米斯 |
| 姊妹城鎮 | 巴特洪堡 (德國), 卡布爾 (法國), 邁爾霍芬 (奧地利), Mondorf-les-Bains (盧森堡), 奧拉西 (美國), Terracina (義大利) |
| 網站 | www SFSO statistics |
庫爾 (德語：Chur [ˈkuːr] 或 [ˈxuːr]; 義大利語：Coira [ˈkɔi̯ɾa]; 羅曼什語：Cuira; 法語：Coire [ˈkwaʁ]) 是瑞士格勞賓登州的首府，位於該州的北部，萊茵河的右岸。一般公認這是瑞士最古老的城市。
庫爾的官方語言是瑞士德語，但是主要流通的語言其實是瑞士德語的其中一個分支，阿勒曼尼語。
History
[編輯]
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Archaeological evidence of settlement at the site, in the Eastern Alps, goes back as far as the Pfyn culture[1] (3900-3500 BC),[2] making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland. Remains and objects from the Bronze and Iron Ages have been found also in the eastern sector of the current city's centre.
The Roman Empire conquered Raetia in 15 BC. Under emperor Diocletian (late 3rd century AD), the existing settlement of Curia Raetorum was made the capital of the newly established province of Raetia prima.[3] In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north of the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio[4] in 451 AD. After the invasion of the Ostrogoths, it was rechristened Theodoricopolis; in the 6th century it was conquered by the Franks.[5] The city suffered several invasions, by the Magyars in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the Saracens (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine river. The routes had been already used under the Romans but acquired greater importance under the Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Otto I appointed his vassal Hartpert as bishop of Chur in 958, giving the bishopric numerous privileges. In 1170 the bishop became a prince-bishop and kept total control over the road between Chur and Chiavenna.
In the 13th century the town had some 1,300 inhabitants, and was surrounded by a line of walls. The Gotteshausbund (League of the House of God) was formed in 1367 in Chur to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. Chur was the chief town of the League and one of the places the Leagues' assemblies met regularly. A burgmeister (mayor) of Chur is first mentioned in 1413, The bishop's residence was attacked by the inhabitants in 1418 and 1422, when a series of concessions were wrung out of him. As the power of the bishops, now increasingly under the influence of the nearby Habsburg County of Tyrol, decreased, in 1464 the citizens wrote a constitution which was adopted as the rule for the local guilds and political positions.The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues. In 1489 Chur obtained the right to have a tribunal of its own, but never had the title of Free Imperial City. Chur adhered to the Reformation in the 16th century, and the Catholic bishopric had to leave the city in 1524. In the same century the German language started to prevail over Romansh. Despite two fires in 1464 and 1574, the city developed economically until the Thirty Years' War, when it was destroyed and struck by plagues.
After the Napoleonic Wars, the Three Leagues became the canton of Graubünden in 1803. The guild constitution of the city of Chur lasted until 1839, while in 1874 the Burgergemeinde was replaced by an Einwohnergemeinde. When Graubünden became a canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital.
Geography
[編輯]
Chur has an area, 截至2006年[update], of 28平方公里（11平方英里）. Of this area, 18.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 52% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 25.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[6]
Chur is situated at a height of 1,949英尺（594米） above sea-level, on the right bank of the Plessur torrent, just as it issues from the Schanfigg valley, and about a mile above its junction with the Rhine, almost entirely surrounded by the Alps, overshadowed by the Mittenberg (east) and Pizokel (south), hills that guard the entrance to the deep-cut Schanfigg valley.
The altitude in the city area varies from 600公尺（2,000英尺） above sea level to 1,800公尺（5,900英尺） above sea level, the Churer Hausberg Brambrüesch (accessible from the Old Town) situated at 2,174公尺（7,133英尺） above sea level.
The water of Chur's spring is exported and sold as Passugger mineral water.
Main sights
[編輯]
The modern part of the city is to the west, while the old portion, with all the historical buildings, is to the east. Here is the cathedral church of St Luzius (who is the patron saint of Coire, and is supposed to be a 2nd-century British king Lucius, though in reality the name probably arose from a confusion between Lucius of Cyrene, miswritten curiensis, with the Roman general Lucius Munatius Plancus, who conquered Raetia).
Built between 1178 and 1282, on the site of an older church, it contains many curious medieval antiquities (especially in the sacristy), as well as a picture by Angelica Kauffman, and the tomb of the great Grisons political leader (d. 1637) Jenatsch. Opposite is the Bishop's Palace, and not far off, is the Episcopal Seminary (built on the ruins of a 6th-century monastic foundation). Not far from these ancient monuments is the new Raetian Museum, which contains an extensive collection of objects relating to Raetia (including the geological collections of the Benedictine monk of Disentis Abbey, Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833), who explored the high snowy regions around the sources of the Rhine). One of the hospitals was founded by the famous Capuchin philanthropist, Theodosius Florentini (1808–1865), who was for a long time the Romanist cure of Coire, and whose remains were in 1906 transferred from the cathedral here to Ingenbohl (near Schwyz), his chief foundation. The Romano-Gothic cathedral, where lie the remains of Jörg Jenatsch, was begun by Bishop Tello (758-73), and has a highly interesting crypt; it contains some remarkable paintings by Dürer and Holbein.
Chur is home to many buildings or other sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. There are two archeological sites in Chur, the old city which is a medieval city and Welschdörfli a prehistoric settlement and Roman Vicus. There are four archives or libraries; the bishop's palace (library and archive), the Cantonal Library, the Cantonal Archive of Graubünden and the city archive of Chur. There are also four museums on the list; the Bündner Kunstmuseum (Art Museum), Bündner Naturmuseum (Natural History Museum), the Dommuseum and the Rätisches Museum in the Haus Buol. Three churches are included in the list; The cathedral of the Assumption, the Catholic Church of St. Luzi and the Reformed church of St. Martin. There are 15 other buildings that are also heritage sites; these include the Alte Kaserne at Zeughaus 3 (the Old Armory), the Confederation Paper Mill, the Main Post Office, the new Town Hall, headquarters of the Rhätischen Bahn and several old patrician houses.[7]
The town is home to the Giger Bar designed by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger, the Old Town, the art gallery, and the natural history museum.
Demographics
[編輯]Chur has a population (as of 2020-12-31) of 36,336.[8] 截至2008年[update], 17.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.[9] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7.6%. Most of the population (截至2000年[update]) speaks German (81.0%), with Romansh being second most common (5.4%) and Italian being third (5.1%).[6]
截至2000年[update], the gender distribution of the population was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.[10] The age distribution, 截至2000年[update], in Chur is; 3,087 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 to 9 years old. 1,602 teenagers or 4.9% are 10 to 14, and 2,194 teenagers or 6.7% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 4,770 people or 14.5% of the population are between 20 to 29 years old. 5,517 people or 16.7% are 30 to 39, 4,616 people or 14.0% are 40 to 49, and 4,254 people or 12.9% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 3,090 people or 9.4% of the population are between 60 to 69 years old, 2,314 people or 7.0% are 70 to 79, there are 1,307 people or 4.0% who are 80 to 89, there are 233 people or 0.7% who are 90 to 99, and 5 people or 0.0% who are 100 or more.[9]
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (31.8%), the CVP (16.4%) and the FDP (16.3%).[6]
In Chur about 70.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).[6]
Chur has an unemployment rate of 1.8%. 截至2005年[update], there were 152 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 33 businesses involved in this sector. 3,838 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 305 businesses in this sector. 21,087 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,957 businesses in this sector.[6]
From the 2000 census[update], 14,713 or 44.6% are Roman Catholic, while 12,199 or 37.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 15 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland, there are 589 individuals (or about 1.79% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 532 individuals (or about 1.61% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 13 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who are Jewish, and 917 (or about 2.78% of the population) who are Muslim. There are 424 individuals (or about 1.29% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 1,998 (or about 6.06% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1,589 individuals (or about 4.82% of the population) did not answer the question.[9]
Historic population
[編輯]The historical population is given in the following chart:[11]
| Historic population data [11] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | Swiss | % German speaking | % Italian speaking | % Romansh speaking | % Protestant | % Roman Catholic | ||||
| 13th century | 1,000-1,500 | ||||||||||
| End of 15th century | ca. 1,500 | ||||||||||
| 1780 | 2,331 | ||||||||||
| 1860 | 6,990 | 6,373 | 60.8% | 39.1% | |||||||
| 1880 | 8,753 | 7,866 | 86.6% | 3.2% | 11.3% | 73.6% | 27.8% | ||||
| 1888 | 9,259 | 8,094 | 84.2% | 2.7% | 12.5% | 70.4% | 29.5% | ||||
| 1900 | 11,532 | 9,687 | 80.5% | 5.9% | 12.7% | 65.6% | 34.4% | ||||
| 1910 | 14,639 | 12,042 | 79.4% | 8.0% | 11.6% | 62.8% | 36.8% | ||||
| 1930 | 15,574 | 13,685 | 83.0% | 5.3% | 10.8% | 62.8% | 36.7% | ||||
| 1950 | 19,382 | 17,852 | 83.2% | 5.2% | 10.2% | 60.4% | 38.5% | ||||
| 1970 | 31,193 | 26,332 | 75.6% | 9.7% | 10.6% | 49.1% | 49.6% | ||||
| 1990 | 32,868 | 27,259 | 78.2% | 6.2% | 6.9% | 42.7% | 48.5% | ||||
| 2000 | 32,989 | 27,061 | 81.0% | 5.1% | 5.4% | 38.5% | 44.6% | ||||
| 2010 | 36,690 | 29,695 | 33.3% | 42.0% | |||||||
- ^a Language adds up to over 100% due to counting all languages, not just first language.
Climate
[編輯]Between 1961 and 1990 Chur had an average of 105.7 days of rain per year and on average received 814 mm（32.0英寸） of precipitation. The wettest month was August during which time Chur received an average of 103 mm（4.1英寸） of precipitation. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 11.6 days. The driest month of the year was March with an average of 47 mm（1.9英寸） of precipitation over 8.2 days.[12]
| Chur (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
| 平均高溫 °C（°F） | 4.7 (40.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| 日均氣溫 °C（°F） | 0.4 (32.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.5 (34.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
| 平均低溫 °C（°F） | −3.0 (26.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
| 平均降水量 mm（英寸） | 51 (2.0) |
47 (1.9) |
55 (2.2) |
49 (1.9) |
71 (2.8) |
93 (3.7) |
109 (4.3) |
112 (4.4) |
81 (3.2) |
56 (2.2) |
70 (2.8) |
55 (2.2) |
849 (33.4) |
| 平均降雪量 cm（英寸） | 34 (13) |
24.7 (9.7) |
10.3 (4.1) |
1.5 (0.6) |
0.4 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
10 (3.9) |
20.6 (8.1) |
101.7 (40.0) |
| 平均降水天數（≥ 1.0 mm） | 7.3 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 104.6 |
| 平均降雪天數（≥ 1.0 cm） | 4.8 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 17.4 |
| 平均相對濕度（％） | 74.1 | 70.4 | 65.5 | 63.9 | 64.6 | 67.4 | 68.6 | 71.3 | 72.1 | 71.9 | 73.8 | 76.2 | 70.0 |
| 月均日照時數 | 97 | 112 | 139 | 147 | 169 | 177 | 203 | 185 | 155 | 135 | 93 | 81 | 1,692 |
| 資料來源：MeteoSwiss [13] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
[編輯]
Chur is 120公里（75英里） by rail from Zürich, and is the meeting-point of the routes from Italy over many alpine passes (Lukmanier Pass, Splugen Pass, and San Bernardino Pass), as well as from the Engadine (Albula Pass, Julier Pass), so that it is the centre of an active trade (particularly in wine from the Valtelline), though it also has a few local factories.
The city's main railway station is where the Swiss Federal Railways system link with that of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB). While the SBB lines serve most of Switzerland, most of Graubünden's internal rail traffic is served by RhB lines. One of the RhB lines (to Arosa) uses on-street running through streets in the centre of Chur and Sand in order to reach the station - see Chur stadtbahn.
There are three other railway stations in Chur:
- Chur Stadt (on the Chur-Arosa line)
- Chur West
- Chur Wiesental
There is also a postbus station situated above the railway station.
Chur is linked by a motorway—the A13.
Coat of arms
[編輯]Blazon: On silver a red city gate with three merlons, in the gate an upright standing black capricorn.
Twin towns
[編輯]Chur is twinned with:[14]
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany
Bad Mondorf, Luxembourg
Cabourg, France
Mayrhofen, Austria
Terracina, Italy
List of notable people
[編輯]- H. R. Giger, artist
- Gimma, rapper
- Jörg Jenatsch, politician during Thirty Years' War
- Angelica Kauffman, artist
- Susanne Leutenegger Oberholzer, National Council of Basel-Landschaft
- Kim and Sven Lindemann, ice hockey players
- Beat Marti, actor
- Nino Niederreiter, ice hockey player
- Giorgio Rocca, Italian alpine skier
- Renato Tosio, ice hockey goaltender
- Peter Zumthor, architect
- Mario Illien, Engine builder
- Christian Theus, minister
- Jeremiah Theus, artist
- Binia Feltscher-Beeli, Olympic medalist (curling)
- Philip Schaff, Theologian and Church Historian
- Meinrad Schütter, composer
Notes
[編輯]References
[編輯]- ^ Pre-Roman History在線上《瑞士歷史辭典》中的德文、法文或義大利文版詞條。
- ^ Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49-65
- ^ Raetia, Page at Switzerland's Historical Dictionary （義大利文）
- ^ Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historial Dictionary （義大利文）
- ^ Franks, page at Switzerland Historical Dictionary
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 27-Oct-2009
- ^ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance 21.11.2008 version, （德文） accessed 27-Oct-2009
- ^ Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit. bfs.admin.ch. Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 2020-12-31 [2021-09-21] （德語）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Graubunden Population Statistics （德文） accessed 21 September 2009
- ^ Graubunden in Numbers （德文） accessed 21 September 2009
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Chur在線上《瑞士歷史辭典》中的德文、法文或義大利文版詞條。
- ^ Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. [8 May 2009] （German、French及Italian）., the weather station elevation is 556 meters above sea level.
- ^ Climate Norm Value Tables. Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). [23 January 2013].
- ^ Partnerstädte (official web site). Stadt Chur. [2015-01-16] （German）.
Sources
[編輯]- Chur (municipality)在線上《瑞士歷史辭典》中的德文、法文或義大利文版詞條。
- 本條目包含來自公有領域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. as Coire
- A. Eichhorn, Episcopatus Curiensis (St Blasien, 1797)
- W. von Juvalt, Forschungen fiber die Feudalzeit im Curischen Raetien, 2 parts (Zürich, 1871)
- C. Kind, Die Reformation in den Bistumern Chur und Como (Coire, 1858)
- Conradin von Moor, Geschichte von Curraetien (2 vols., Coire, 1870–1874)
- P. C. you Planta, Des alte Raetien (Berlin, 1872); Idem, Die Curraetischen Herrschaften in der Feudalzeit (Bern, 188i); Idem, Verfassungsgeschichte der Stadt Cur im Mittelalter (Coire, 1879); Idem, Geschichte von Graubünden (Bern, 1892).
本條目包含已處於公共領域的Herbermann, Charles (編). 天主教百科全書. Robert Appleton Company. 1913.- Principality of Liechtenstein homepage on religion
External links
[編輯]
- City of Chur - official website （德文）
- Chur tourism office （德文）
- Chur on Graubünden Holidays, Switzerland; official Graubünden tourism office - English
Template:Municipalities of the district of Plessur Template:Cantonal capitals of Switzerland