坐

坐是基本的人類休息姿勢。體重主要由與地面或諸如椅凳等水平物體接觸的臀部支撐，軀幹則或多或少是直立的。生活中經常坐著會有顯著的健康風險，長時間坐著的人其死亡率比不常久坐的人要高^[1]。

有些跪姿是是軀幹直立，將腿置於膝蓋以下，例如正坐及瑜珈中的金剛坐（英語：Vajrasana (yoga)），有些情形下會將這種跪姿也歸類為坐。

坐姿

席地而坐

跪坐在地上最常見的是屈膝而坐，一般可分為雙膝並排，或著是膝蓋彎曲盤腿而坐。也有雙腳伸直的坐姿，稱為踞坐。在東亞漢字文化圈傳統中踞坐是極其隨便、無禮的坐姿。另一種是雙膝屈曲坐著，稱為「蹲坐」。

雙膝並排的有正坐，又稱跽坐，是東亞傳統最正式的坐姿。而這種坐姿在瑜伽動作中稱為金剛坐（英語：Vajrasana (yoga)）。

盤腿坐，一種稱為胡坐（日語：胡坐），是把雙膝彎起交疊而坐，用於冥想、修行的盤腿坐又稱跏趺坐。還有一種是一腿作蹲坐狀，另一腿盤起，稱為遊戲坐。

箕踞，即兩腳向前方或前方兩側伸展而坐，身體形狀如箕。東亞古代婦女箕踞是被視為大不恭的。《韓詩外傳》記載：「孟子妻獨坐箕踞，孟子入室視之，白其母曰：婦無禮。」^[2]

坐在凳上

有凳子或椅子時，臀部、大腿坐在椅凳上，雙腳著地。

中國春秋時期，人們開始坐在六隻足的矮床上，如果要寫字、吃飯，就放上一張叫做「案」或「几」的矮小桌子。到了漢朝末期，北方胡人發明了一種可以摺疊的「胡床」和一種新穎輕便的坐具「馬扎子」，即兩木相交，中間穿繩，可張可合，人坐於其上，垂下雙腿。這種坐具被胡人傳入中原後廣泛使用，被稱為「胡座」，這種坐法也被稱為「胡坐」。胡座也是中國椅子與凳子的前身，在胡坐的基礎上，人們不斷演變，在漢代後中國人逐漸有了坐於椅凳之上的習俗。^[2]

健康風險

十七世紀時貝納迪諾·拉馬茲尼（英語：Bernardino Ramazzini）所著的《論工人病》（De Morbis Artificum Diatriba），就將坐著列為「chair-workers」罹患疾病旳「奇怪姿勢」之一^[3]。現今的研究發現長坐的人其死亡率會顯著的提高，若規律運動可以降低一些，但風險無法完全緩解^[1]^[4]。有關患病率及死亡率的原因有心血管疾病、肥胖症、2型糖尿病及癌症（特別是乳癌、子宮內膜癌、大腸癌、肺癌及表面上皮間質腫瘤）^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。已找到坐著和心臟病、2型糖尿病死亡率之間的關係，但和造成癌症死亡率的風險還不清楚^[6]^[8]。久坐時間也會和兒童及成年人重性抑鬱疾患的風險有關^[9]。目前已找到久坐職業和較高身高體重指數之間的相關性，不過還沒有找到因果關係^[4]。有關坐者是健康風險的原因，有很多的假說，例如因為肌肉長久沒有負荷造成的心輸出量、維生素D、炎症、性類固醇活性、脂蛋白脂肪酶（英語：lipoprotein lipase）活性、以及GLUT4活性的變化等^[4]^[6]^[7]。

參見

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015, 162 (2): 123–32. PMID 25599350. doi:10.7326/M14-1651.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 《中國文化知識精華》，湖北人民出版社，ISBN：7-216-00281-4/G·18
^ Ramazzini, B. De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers. American Journal of Public Health. 2001, 91 (9): 1380–1382. PMC 1446785 . PMID 11527762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2010, 39 (4): 379–388 [2020-08-26]. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-28）.
^ Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Preventive Medicine. Nov 2010, 51 (5): 352–356. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Feb 2011, 40 (2): 174–182. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lynch, Brigid M. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Nov 2010, 19 (11): 2691–2709. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815.
^ Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S. J. H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). Diabetologia. 14 August 2012, 55 (11): 2895–2905. PMID 22890825. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.
^ Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S. Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 November 2015, 50 (20): 1252–1258. PMC 4977203 . PMID 26552416. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084.

[Biswas-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015, 162 (2): 123–32. PMID 25599350. doi:10.7326/M14-1651.

[中国文化知识精华-2] 2.0 ^2.1 《中國文化知識精華》，湖北人民出版社，ISBN：7-216-00281-4/G·18

[3] Ramazzini, B. De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers. American Journal of Public Health. 2001, 91 (9): 1380–1382. PMC 1446785 . PMID 11527762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2010, 39 (4): 379–388 [2020-08-26]. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-28）.

[:0-5] Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Preventive Medicine. Nov 2010, 51 (5): 352–356. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012.

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Feb 2011, 40 (2): 174–182. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015.

[:3-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lynch, Brigid M. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Nov 2010, 19 (11): 2691–2709. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815.

[8] Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S. J. H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). Diabetologia. 14 August 2012, 55 (11): 2895–2905. PMID 22890825. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.

[9] Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S. Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 November 2015, 50 (20): 1252–1258. PMC 4977203 . PMID 26552416. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084.

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