扁蟾属
扁蟾属
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| 常绿蟾蜍是扁蟾属的模式种 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 两栖纲 Amphibia |
| 目： | 无尾目 Anura |
| 科： | 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae |
| 属： | 扁蟾属 Incilius Cope, 1863 |
| 模式種 | |
| 常绿蟾蜍 Cope, 1862
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| 異名[1] | |
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Cranopsis Cope, 1875 "1876" （Cranopsis Adams, 1860 (Mollusca)和Cranopsis Dall, 1871（腕足动物）的谐音） | |
扁蟾属（学名：Incilius），俗称中美洲蟾蜍，是蟾蜍科的属[2]，分布于美国南部、墨西哥、中美洲地区和南美洲北部（哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔）。扁蟾属是生态和生物地理多样化的蟾蜍群，包括一些微小的特有種，如只分布于云雾森林的Incilius spiculatus，以及Incilius valliceps等分布于干扰生境的低地物种[3]。
分类学和系统学
[编辑]扁蟾属的分类学和系统学最近发生了很多变化。2011年，Cranopsis、Ollotis、Crepidius和Crepidophryne成为扁蟾属的異名。但是，扁蟾属是单系群的观点受到了Incilius bocourti的威胁，因为Incilius bocourti可能是Anaxyrus的姐妹群[1]。
另一个讨论是识别该属的分类学水平。在2006年达尔·弗罗斯特及其同事大规模修订两栖动物系统学之前，扁蟾属并没有得到广泛的认可[4]，而是以Cranopsis的名义存在，包括前“垣头蟾组”及其相关物种。但是，另外一些学者认为扁蟾属应该被看做蟾蜍屬的亞屬[5]。
物种
[编辑]扁蟾属目前共有39个物种[1]：
- 科羅拉多河蟾蜍(Incilius alvarius) (Girard, 1859)
- Incilius aucoinae (O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004)
- Incilius aurarius Mendelson, Mulcahy, Snell, Acevedo, and Campbell, 2012
- Incilius bocourti (Brocchi, 1877)
- Incilius campbelli (Mendelson, 1994)
- Incilius canaliferus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius cavifrons (Firschein, 1950)
- Incilius chompipe (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius coccifer (Cope, 1866)
- 常绿蟾蜍(Incilius coniferus）(Cope, 1862)
- Incilius cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius cycladen (Lynch and Smith, 1966)
- Incilius epioticus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius fastidiosus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius gemmifer (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius guanacaste (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius holdridgei (Taylor, 1952)
- Incilius ibarrai (Stuart, 1954)
- Incilius karenlipsae Mendelson and Mulcahy, 2010
- Incilius leucomyos (McCranie and Wilson, 2000)
- Incilius luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891)
- Incilius macrocristatus (Firschein and Smith, 1957)
- Incilius majordomus Savage, Ugarte, and Donnelly, 2013
- Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius mccoyi Santos-Barrera and Flores-Villela, 2011
- Incilius melanochlorus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)
- Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
- †金蟾蜍（Incilius periglenes） (Savage, 1967)
- Incilius peripatetes (Savage, 1972)
- Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
- Incilius pisinnus (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius porteri (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius signifer (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius tacanensis (Smith, 1952)
- Incilius tutelarius (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)
AmphibiaWeb认可Incilius intermedius (Günther, 1858)是有效物种，而Amphibian Species of the World认为Incilius intermedius是Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)的異名[6][1]。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Frost, Darrel R. Incilius Cope, 1863. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. 2017 [2017-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-06）.
- ^ Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 4th. Academic Press. 2014: 490.
- ^ Mendelson, J. R. III; D. G. Mulcahy; T. S. Williams; J. W. Sites, Jr. A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3138: 1–34 [2017-07-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）.
- ^ Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2006, 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names (PDF). Herpetologica. 2009, 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26）.
- ^ Bufonidae. AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2017 [2017-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-29）.