三角座星系:修订间差异

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== 參考資料 ==
== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=
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<ref name=naeye08>The following source lists it as the most distant object:
:{{cite web | first=Robert | last=Naeye | title=A Stellar Explosion You Could See on Earth! | date=March 21, 2008 | publisher=NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/brightest_grb.html | accessdate=2010-04-13 }}
However, the more distant galaxy [[Messier 81]] has also been sighted with the naked eye:
:{{cite web | author=Christensen, Lars Lindberg | author2=Zezas, Andreas | author3=Noll, Keith | author4=Villard, Ray | date=May 28, 2007 | title=Hubble photographs grand spiral galaxy Messier 81 | publisher=ESA | url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0710/ | accessdate=2010-06-15 }}</ref>

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<ref name=nra020120613>{{cite news | first1=Dave | last1=Finley | title=Neighbor galaxies may have brushed closely, astronomers find | publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory | date=June 11, 2012 | url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2012/m31m33/ | accessdate=2012-06-13 }}</ref>
}}


== 進階讀物 ==
== 進階讀物 ==

2017年12月25日 (一) 16:12的版本

天球赤道座標星圖 01h 33m 50.9s,30° 39′ 36″

三角座星系
三角座星系 – 梅西爾33
观测资料(J2000 曆元
发音/trˈæŋɡjʊləm/
星座三角座
赤经01h 33m 50.02s[1]
赤纬+30° 39′ 36.7″[1]
紅移-0.000607 ± 0.000010[1]
徑向速度-179 ± 3 km/s[2]
距离2.38至3.07 Mly(730至940 kpc[3][4]
视星等 (V)5.72[1]
特征
类型SA(s)cd[2]
质量5 × 1010[5] M
恒星数量40 billion (4×1010)[6]
大小~60,000 ly (直徑)[6]
角直徑 (V)70.8 × 41.7 moa[1]
其他名称
NGC 0598, MCG+05-04-069, UGC 1117, PGC 5818[2]
參見:星系星系列表

三角座星系是位於三角座,距離地球大約300萬光年的一個螺旋星系。它被編入梅西爾 33NGC 598。三角座星系繼仙女座星系銀河系之後,是本星系群第三大的星系。它是長久以來以肉眼可以看見的最遙遠天體。

這個星系是本星系群中最小的螺旋星系,並且因為與仙女座星系的有交互作用、速度[7],與在夜空中互相靠近而被認為是仙女座星系的一個衛星星系[7] It also has an H-II nucleus.[8]

語源

這個星系的名稱來自它所在的星座三角座,這是它被發現的所在地。

在一些業餘天文的參考資料[9],和一些公共傳播的網站上[10],三角座星系有時被非正式的稱為"風車星系"。然而,在 SIMBAD,一個專業的天文資料庫,其中包含的天體資料明確的指出風車星系梅西爾101[11],並且在一些業餘天文資料庫和其它對外公開的網站也標示這是M101的名稱 [12][13]

可見性

在沒有光汙染,非常好的觀測條件下,可以用肉眼看見三角座星系[14]。長久以來,它都是不用望遠鏡輔助或瞄準,就可以看見的最遙遠天體[15][16]。由於是一個瀰漫性的天體,它的可見性受到光汙染強烈的影響,範圍從在黑暗的天空中可以輕易地直接看見到在農村或郊區的天空中以側視都難以看見[14]。由於這個原因,三角座星系可以做為波特爾暗空分類法的重要指標天體[17]

使用業餘裝備看見的三角座星系(M33)。

觀測簡史

三角座星系可能在1654年之前九已經被義大利天文學家乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯特·霍迪尔纳英语Giovanni Batista Hodierna。在他的作品De systemate orbis cometici; deque admirandis coeli caracteribus("關於彗星軌道的系統學,和天空中令人讚嘆的天體"),他列出了一個像似星雲或是朦朧的物件,並且給了隱晦(難解)的描述:"在三角座附近的" hinc inde"。這是關於三角座有一對三角形的描述,物件的大小與M33相當,所以很像與三角座星系相關聯[18]

在1764年8月24-25日,梅西爾獨立發現這個星系,並發表在他的星雲和星團目錄(1771年),編號為M33。當威廉·赫協爾編輯他非常龐大的星雲目錄時,他很小心地盡可能不收錄梅西爾天體[19]。然而,M33是一個例外,他在1784年9月11日被收錄到他的目錄上,編號為HV-17[20]

在三角座星系內的NGC 604

赫歇爾也收錄了三角座星系內最明亮和最大的電離氫區(包含電離的瀰漫發射星雲),將它與星系本身分開單獨編入目錄中,編號為H III.150;現在這個星雲被編為NGC 604。從地球觀察,NGC 604位於星系核心的東北部。它是已知最大的電離氫區之一,直徑將近1,500光年,並且電磁波譜類似獵戶座大星雲。赫協爾也注意到其它三個電離氫區(NGC 588, 592和595)。

它也是被羅斯3世伯爵(羅斯勳爵)在1850年確認的第一批"螺旋星雲"之一。在1922-23年,約翰·查理斯·鄧肯英语John Charles Duncan馬克斯·沃夫在星雲中發現變星。愛德溫·哈伯在1926年指出,這些變星中有35顆是經典造父變星,從而可以估計它們的距離。結果與螺旋星雲的概念一致,是氣體和塵埃的獨立星系,而不是銀河系內的星雲。[21]

性質

VLT巡天望遠鏡拍攝的三角座星系[22]

直徑約6萬光年的三角座星系,大小約為銀河系的40%,是本星系群第三大的星系。它可能是受到仙女座星系引力約束的衛星星系(參見下文)。相較於銀河系的4000億和仙女座星系的1兆,三角座星系可能是400億顆恆星的家園[6]

估計三角座星系盤面的質量是(3–6) × 109 太陽質量,氣體的成分大約是3.2 × 109太陽質量。因此該星系的總重子質量大約是1010太陽質量。估計在半徑55×10^3 ly(17 kpc)內的暗物質大約相當於5 × 1010太陽質量[5]

位置

三角座星系(M33在中間左下)和仙女座星系(M31中心上方)。

估計三角座星系的距離從2,380×10^3至3,070×10^3 ly(730至940 kpc)(或238 至307萬光年)。從2000年之後的估計值都落在這個範圍的中間部分[3][4],這使它的距離比仙女座星系稍遠一些(254萬光年)。測量M33的距離至少使用了三種技術:在2004年,使用造父變星估計的距離是2,770×10^3 ± 130×10^3 ly(849 ± 40 kpc)[23][24];同一年,使用紅巨星分支技術(TRGB,Tip of the red-giant branch)得到的估計距離是2,590×10^3 ± 80×10^3 ly(794 ± 25 kpc)[25]

在2006年,一組天文學家宣稱在三角座星系發現了一顆食變星。通過對星食的研究,天文學家可以測量它們的大小。知道恆星的大小和溫度,他們可以測量恆星的絕對星等。當視星等和絕對星等都知道時,就可以測量出恆星的距離。這顆恆星的距離是3,070×10^3 ± 240×10^3 ly(941 ± 74 kpc)[3]。自1987年以來公布的102個估計的距離,給出了距離模數的平均值是24.69,或是88.3萬秒差距(287.8萬光年)[26]

三角座星系是H2O邁射的發射源[27]。在2005年,使用超長基線陣列觀察位於三角座星系兩側的兩個水邁射,研究人員首次得以估計出三角座星系的角旋轉和自行。計算出三角座星系相對於銀河系的速度是190 ± 60 km/s,這意味著三角座星系是朝向仙女座星系移動,並暗示它可能是仙女座星系的衛星星系(取決於它們的相對距離和大小上的誤差)[7]。在2004年,宣稱有證據顯示有多叢氫氣體聯繫著仙女座星系和三角座星系,這表示兩者可能在過去有著潮汐的互動。這個發現在2011年得到證實[28]。 這兩個星系之間的距離少於30萬秒差距支持這個假說[29]

雙魚座矮星系(LGS 3)是本星系群的一個小星系成員,它距離太陽系2,022×10^3 ly(620 kpc)。它距離仙女座星系 20°,而距離三角座星系11°;與這兩個星系的距離都大約是913×10^3 ly(280 kpc),所以它可能是仙女座星系的衛星星系,也可能是三角座星系的衛星星系。LGS 3 的核半徑是483 ly(148 pc),質量是2.6 × 107 太陽質量[30]

結構

距離

至少有兩種技術曾用來測量M 33的距離。在2004年使用造父變星的方法,測得的距離是277 ± 13萬光年(850±40 kpc)。[31][32]

在2006年,一組天文學家宣稱在三角座星系中發現了食雙星。在對這組食雙星進行研究之後,測量出這對食雙星的大小。知道了大小和溫度之後,就可以推算出絕對星等。當絕對星等和視星等都知道之後,就可以計算出距離了。這樣算出的距離是310±20萬光年(940± 70千秒差距)。 [33]

將這兩個數值平均,得到的距離是292 ±13萬光年(895 ± 40 千秒差距)。[34]

科幻作品

相關條目

參考資料

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  31. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为karachentsevetal2004的参考文献提供内容
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