睡茄：修订间差异

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{{inuse}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Withania somnifera MHNT.BOT.2012.10.13.jpg
|image = WithaniaFruit.jpg
| image_caption = ''Withania somnifera''
|taxon = Withania somnifera
|authority = ([[卡尔·林奈|L.]]) {{link-en||Dunal|Dunal}}
| taxon = Withania kansuensis
⚫
|synonyms_ref = {{r|tropicos}}
| authority =
| synonyms =
|synonyms =
* ''Physalis somnifera'' {{small|[[卡尔·林奈|L.]]}}
⚫
| synonyms_ref =
* ''Withania kansuensis'' {{small|Kuang & A. M. Lu}}{{r|CPNI}}
* ''Withania microphysalis'' {{small|Suess.}}
}}
}}
[[File:Withania somnifera00.jpg|thumb|Flower]]
[[File:Withania somnifera MHNT.BOT.2012.10.13.jpg|thumb|Fruits]]


'''睡茄'''（学名：{{lang|la|''Withania kansuensis''}}），俗稱'''南非醉茄'''<ref>{{cite episode |url=https://www.facebook.com/jennyhongradio/videos/853912548139713/ |title=什麼食物加速新陳代謝 |series=真情康翠瑩 |date=2018-06-21 |channel=am1430 |location=加拿大多倫多 |language=zh-yue }}</ref>或'''心葉青牛膽'''，为[[茄科]][[睡茄属]]下的一个种。
'''睡茄'''（学名：{{lang|la|''Withania kansuensis''}}），俗稱'''南非醉茄'''<ref>{{cite episode |url=https://www.facebook.com/jennyhongradio/videos/853912548139713/ |title=什麼食物加速新陳代謝 |series=真情康翠瑩 |date=2018-06-21 |channel=am1430 |location=加拿大多倫多 |language=zh-yue }}</ref>（{{lang|en|Ashwagandha}}）<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2011-10-29 }}</ref>、'''印度人參'''<ref name=prota>{{cite web | url =http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=GET_RECORD&XC=/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=Protabase&SN=AUTO1559&SE=108&RN=0&MR=20&TR=0&TX=1000&ES=0&CS=1&XP=&RF=Webreport&EF=Basic+Record+Form&DF=Webdisplay&RL=0&EL=1&DL=0&NP=3&ID=&MF=&MQ=&TI=0&DT=&ST=0&IR=1202&NR=0&NB=0&SV=0&SS=0&BG=&FG=&QS=Search&OEX=ISO-8859-1&OEH=ISO-8859-1 | title = ''Withania somnifera'' (L.) Dunal | publisher = Gurib-Fakim A. and Schmelzer G. H. | work = PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale) [Online Database] | location = Wageningen, Netherlands | accessdate = 2012-08-07 }}</ref>或'''心葉青牛膽'''等多種名稱，为[[茄科]][[睡茄属]]下的一个种。本物種與同屬多個其他物種在[[形態學|形態]]上非常相似<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ashwagandha.html|title= Ashwagandha|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2009|access-date=2017-08-27 |language=en }}</ref>。儘管這種植物在《[[阿育吠陀]]》的[[草藥醫學]]很常用，但在[[循证医学]]仍然未有確切證據去證明其治病功效<ref name=drugs/><ref name="mlp">{{cite web |title=Ashwagandha |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/953.html|publisher=MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine |date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2017-12-21 |language=en }}</ref>。


==用途==
==型態描述==
本物種是一種矮小、柔軟的[[多年生植物|多年生]][[灌木]]，可成長至{{convert|35-75|cm|abbr=on}}高。{{link-en||Tomentose|Tomentose}} branches extend radially from a central stem. Leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to 10–12&nbsp;cm (4 to 5 in) long. The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. The ripe fruit is orange-red.
可恢復精神，使神經系統興奮。幫助預防壓力調節方面的障礙，以及因壓力所導致的維生素C賀可體松耗盡。能增強身體的耐力以及促進功能。具有抗發炎、抵抗老化的功能。實驗證實也具有調整和刺激免疫系統的功用。
其根為棕色塊莖長條狀，傳統醫學中可入藥，治療用途廣泛。在古印度的{{link-en|阿育吠陀|Ayurveda}}療法中，其果實、葉子用於治療腫瘤，腺體結核、痈疔、潰瘍。<ref>Mirjalili, M. H.; Moyano, E.; Bonfill, M.; Cusido, R. M.; Palazón, J. (2009). "Steroidal Lactones from Withania somnifera, an Ancient Plant for Novel Medicine". Molecules 14 (7): 2373–2393. doi:10.3390/molecules14072373. PMID 19633611.</ref>


==成分==
==語源==
本物種的[[種小名]]''somnifera''是[[拉丁语]]，意思作「可引導睡眠」<ref>{{cite book | author = Stearn, W. T.| year = 1995 | title = Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary | edition = 4th | publisher = Timber Press | isbn = 0-88192-321-4 }}</ref>。而在一般健康食品店常用的名稱''ashwagandha''則來自[[印地語]]，由''ashva''（馬）和''gandha''（氣味）組成，意思是「有馬的氣味的植物」<ref name=mlp/>。
主要化學成分為[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid 生物堿]及甾体类内酯，如[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropine 莨菪醇]及[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscohygrine 紅古豆堿]，葉內主要含[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withanolide withanolides（茶芬尼素）]，且主要為[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withaferin_A 茶芬尼素A]。其果實可用作[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet rennet（凝乳酶）]及[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesemaking cheesemaking（乳酪製作）]的替代物。


== 参考文献 ==
==種植==
本物種在[[印度]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[中华人民共和国]]<ref name="Pandit">{{cite journal|date=February 2013|title=Effects of ''Withania somnifera'' on the growth and virulence properties of ''Streptococcus mutans'' and ''Streptococcus sobrinus'' at sub-MIC levels|journal=Anaerobe|volume=19|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.007|author1=Pandit, S.|author2=Chang, K.-W.|author3=Jeon, J.-G.}}</ref>及[[也门]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Hugh |last1=Scott |first2=Kenneth |last2=Mason |title=''Western Arabia and the Red Sea'' |publisher=Naval Intelligence Division（英國海軍情報部） |location=London |year=1946 |page=p. 597 |isbn=0-7103-1034-X |language=en }}</ref>等多個國家較為乾旱的地區有種植。
{{refbegin}}


==疾病與害蟲==
⚫
*{{CPNI | zh=睡茄 | id=CPNI-095-27733 | binomial=Withania kansuensis | authority= | sub= | var= | f= | cv= | accessdate=2013年1月17日}}
''Withania somnifera'' is prone to several pests and diseases. Leaf spot disease caused by ''{{link-en||Alternaria alternata|Alternaria alternata}}'' is the most prevalent disease, which is most severe in the plains of <!-- [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] -->[[旁遮普邦]], <!-- [[Haryana]] -->[[哈里亚纳邦]], and <!-- [[Himachal Pradesh]] -->[[喜马偕尔邦]]. A decline in the concentration of its <!-- [[secondary metabolite]] -->[[次级代谢产物]]s occurs by leaf spot disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pati | first1 = P. K. | last2 = Sharma | first2 = M. | last3 = Salar | first3 = R. K. | last4 = Sharma | first4 = A. | last5 = Gupta | first5 = A. P. | last6 = Singh | first6 = B. | doi = 10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y | title = Studies on leaf spot disease of ''Withania somnifera'' and its impact on secondary metabolites | journal = Indian Journal of Microbiology | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 432–437 | year = 2009 | pmid = 23100743| pmc =3476785 }}</ref> A {{link-en||treehopper|treehopper}} feeds on the apical portions of the stem, making them rough and woody in appearance and brown in colour. The apical leaves are shed and the plant gradually dies.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, A. |author2=Pati, P. K. | title = First report of ''Withania somnifera'' (L.) Dunal, as a New Host of Cowbug (''Oxyrachis tarandus'', Fab.) In Plains of Punjab, Northern India | journal = World Applied Sciences Journal | year = 2011 | volume = 14 | issue = 9 | pages = 1344–1346 | url = http://idosi.org/wasj/wasj14%289%2911/13.pdf | format = pdf | issn = 1818-4952 }}</ref> The <!-- [[Tetranychus urticae|carmine red spider mite]] -->[[二斑叶螨]] (''Tetranychus urticae'') is the most prevalent pest of the plant in India.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, A. |author2=Pati, P. K. | title = First record of the carmine spider mite, ''Tetranychus urticae'', infesting ''Withania somnifera'' in India | journal = Journal of Insect Science | issn = 1536-2442 | year = 2012 | volume = 12 | issue = 50 | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1673/031.012.5001 | url = http://www.insectscience.org/12.50/i1536-2442-12-50.pdf | format = pdf }}</ref> In recent years, this plant have been serving as a new reservoir host for an invasive {{link-en||mealybug|mealybug}} species ''{{link-en||Phenacoccus|Phenacoccus}} solenopsis''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, A. |author2=Pati, P. K. | title = First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug (''Phenacoccus solenopsis'' Tinsley) in India | journal = Entomological news | year = 2013 | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 59-62 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3157/021.123.0114?journalCode=entn }}</ref>


==生物化學成份==
{{refend}}
主要化學成分為[[生物鹼]]及[[甾體|甾体类]][[内酯]]。生物鹼有[[莨菪醇]]及{{link-en|紅古豆鹼|Cuscohygrine}}；而葉內主要含{{link-en|茶芬尼素}}，且主要為{{link-en|茶芬尼素A|Withaferin_A}}{{r|drugs}}。


莨菪醇又名[[托品]]，一種[[莨菪烷]]的化合物，其第三個碳原子有一[[羥基]]，可㾆衍生成為{{link-en|Benzatropine|Benzatropine}}及{{link-en|etybenzatropine|etybenzatropine}}。莨菪醇亦是生產[[阿托品]]的一種所需物品，而阿托品是一種抗[[蕈毒鹼型乙醯膽鹼受體]]類化合物的[[抗膽鹼劑]]原型。
== 扩展阅读 ==
{{refbegin}}
{{wikispecies-inline|Withania kansuensis|睡茄}}
{{refend}}


而紅古豆鹼是一種可於[[古柯]]發現的[[吡咯烷]][[生物鹼]]，除了本物種以外，也見於[[毛曼陀罗]]、[[曼陀罗花]]等其他[[茄科]]植物。這種生物鹼最初是與阿托品及[[古柯鹼]]一起在古柯葉裡發現，由{{link-en|Carl Liebermann|Carl Liebermann}}於1899年最早分離出來，是一種油狀物種，只能於真空環境下[[蒸馏]]才可免於被破壞。可溶於水，並形成結晶狀的三水化合物，溶點為40–41&nbsp;°C。
⚫
{{plant-stub}}


== Traditional medicine ==
⚫
[[category: 睡茄属|kansuensis]]
The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in <!-- [[Ayurveda|traditional Indian medicine]] -->[[阿育吠陀]].<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="Pandit" /> There is insufficient evidence that it has any medicinal effects.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="mlp" /><ref name="mskcc">{{cite web|title=Ashwagandha|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ashwagandha|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|accessdate=26 May 2018|location=New York City|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> <!-- [[Dietary supplement]] -->[[營養補充品]]s containing ashwagandha are marketed in the U.S., but there is insufficient evidence they provide any benefit.<ref name="drugs" />

==參考文獻==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
⚫
<ref name="CPNI">{{CPNI | zh=睡茄 | id=CPNI-095-27733 | binomial=Withania kansuensis | authority= | sub= | var= | f= | cv= | access-date=2013-01-17 }}</ref>
<ref name="tropicos">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tropicos.org/Name/29600341?tab=synonyms
| title = ''Withania somnifera'' (L.) Dunal
| work = Tropicos | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden
| access-date = 2012-02-25 | language = en }}</ref>
}}

==外部連結==
{{Commonscat|Withania somnifera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q852660}}
⚫
[[Category:睡茄属|somnifera]]
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:尼泊尔植物]]
⚫
{{plant-stub}}

2018年6月20日 (三) 21:44的版本

睡茄
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 菊类植物 Asterids
目： 茄目 Solanales
科： 茄科 Solanaceae
属： 睡茄屬 Withania
种：
睡茄 W. somnifera
二名法
Withania somnifera
(L.) Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。
異名[2]
  • Physalis somnifera L.
  • Withania kansuensis Kuang & A. M. Lu[1]
  • Withania microphysalis Suess.
Flower
Fruits

睡茄（学名：Withania kansuensis），俗稱南非醉茄[3]（Ashwagandha）[4]、印度人參[5]或心葉青牛膽等多種名稱，为茄科睡茄属下的一个种。本物種與同屬多個其他物種在形態上非常相似[6]。儘管這種植物在《阿育吠陀》的草藥醫學很常用，但在循证医学仍然未有確切證據去證明其治病功效[6][7]。

型態描述

本物種是一種矮小、柔軟的多年生灌木，可成長至35—75 cm（14—30英寸）高。Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 branches extend radially from a central stem. Leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to 10–12 cm (4 to 5 in) long. The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. The ripe fruit is orange-red.

語源

本物種的種小名somnifera是拉丁语，意思作「可引導睡眠」[8]。而在一般健康食品店常用的名稱ashwagandha則來自印地語，由ashva（馬）和gandha（氣味）組成，意思是「有馬的氣味的植物」[7]。

種植

本物種在印度、尼泊尔、中华人民共和国[9]及也门[10]等多個國家較為乾旱的地區有種植。

疾病與害蟲

Withania somnifera is prone to several pests and diseases. Leaf spot disease caused by Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 is the most prevalent disease, which is most severe in the plains of 旁遮普邦, 哈里亚纳邦, and 喜马偕尔邦. A decline in the concentration of its 次级代谢产物s occurs by leaf spot disease.[11] A Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 feeds on the apical portions of the stem, making them rough and woody in appearance and brown in colour. The apical leaves are shed and the plant gradually dies.[12] The 二斑叶螨 (Tetranychus urticae) is the most prevalent pest of the plant in India.[13] In recent years, this plant have been serving as a new reservoir host for an invasive Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 species Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。 solenopsis.[14]

生物化學成份

主要化學成分為生物鹼及甾体类内酯。生物鹼有莨菪醇及紅古豆鹼（英语：Cuscohygrine）；而葉內主要含茶芬尼素（英语：茶芬尼素），且主要為茶芬尼素A（英语：Withaferin_A）[6]。

莨菪醇又名托品，一種莨菪烷的化合物，其第三個碳原子有一羥基，可㾆衍生成為Benzatropine（英语：Benzatropine）及etybenzatropine（英语：etybenzatropine）。莨菪醇亦是生產阿托品的一種所需物品，而阿托品是一種抗蕈毒鹼型乙醯膽鹼受體類化合物的抗膽鹼劑原型。

而紅古豆鹼是一種可於古柯發現的吡咯烷生物鹼，除了本物種以外，也見於毛曼陀罗、曼陀罗花等其他茄科植物。這種生物鹼最初是與阿托品及古柯鹼一起在古柯葉裡發現，由Carl Liebermann（英语：Carl Liebermann）於1899年最早分離出來，是一種油狀物種，只能於真空環境下蒸馏才可免於被破壞。可溶於水，並形成結晶狀的三水化合物，溶點為40–41 °C。

Traditional medicine

The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in 阿育吠陀.[6][9] There is insufficient evidence that it has any medicinal effects.[6][7][15] 營養補充品s containing ashwagandha are marketed in the U.S., but there is insufficient evidence they provide any benefit.[6]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 睡茄 Withania kansuensis. 中国植物物种信息数据库. 昆明: 中科院昆明植物研究所. [2013-01-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）. （简体中文）
  2. ^ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. [2012-02-25] （英语）. 
  3. ^ 什麼食物加速新陳代謝. 真情康翠瑩. 加拿大多倫多. 2018-06-21 （粵語）.  已忽略未知参数|channel= (帮助)
  4. ^ Withania somnifera. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). USDA. [2011-10-29]. 
  5. ^ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale) [Online Database]. Wageningen, Netherlands: Gurib-Fakim A. and Schmelzer G. H. [2012-08-07]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ashwagandha. Drugs.com. 2009 [2017-08-27] （英语）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ashwagandha. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 2017-06-26 [2017-12-21] （英语）. 
  8. ^ Stearn, W. T. Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary 4th. Timber Press. 1995. ISBN 0-88192-321-4. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Pandit, S.; Chang, K.-W.; Jeon, J.-G. Effects of Withania somnifera on the growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus at sub-MIC levels. Anaerobe. February 2013, 19: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.007. 
  10. ^ Scott, Hugh; Mason, Kenneth. Western Arabia and the Red Sea. London: Naval Intelligence Division（英國海軍情報部）. 1946: p. 597. ISBN 0-7103-1034-X （英语）. 
  11. ^ Pati, P. K.; Sharma, M.; Salar, R. K.; Sharma, A.; Gupta, A. P.; Singh, B. Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2009, 48 (4): 432–437. PMC 3476785 可免费查阅. PMID 23100743. doi:10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y. 
  12. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. First report of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, as a New Host of Cowbug (Oxyrachis tarandus, Fab.) In Plains of Punjab, Northern India (pdf). World Applied Sciences Journal. 2011, 14 (9): 1344–1346. ISSN 1818-4952. 
  13. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. First record of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, infesting Withania somnifera in India (pdf). Journal of Insect Science. 2012, 12 (50): 1–4. ISSN 1536-2442. doi:10.1673/031.012.5001. 
  14. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) in India. Entomological news. 2013, 123 (1): 59–62. 
  15. ^ Ashwagandha. New York City: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 13 April 2018 [26 May 2018]. 

外部連結

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：睡茄
Withania somnifera
Physalis somnifera
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=睡茄&oldid=50062840”