副乾酪乳桿菌：修订间差异
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小 →歷史： 那為什麼蒙牛的奶品會說菌種是丹麥菌種？ |
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| image = Lactobacillus rhamnosus-LSU lab (Dr. Karen Sullivan).jpg |
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| image_caption = ''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'', morphologically identical to ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' |
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== 亚种== |
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為常見的[[益生菌]]。副乾酪乳桿菌以[[偏利共生]]形式運作。常見於與人類相關的棲息地，包括人體內的腸道、口腔，以至人體外的糞渠、[[青貯飼料]]及前述的奶製品<ref name="Probiotics 1" />。正如「乳桿菌」這名字所指，本菌種有著與[[芽孢桿菌屬]]相似的桿狀形態，寬約2.0 to 4.0μm，長約0.8 to 1.0μm。 |
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現時，科學家從不同的環境中分離出34種不同的菌株，當中有16種是從奶製品分離出來，10種從植物分離出來，8種從人類或其他動物的[[消化道]]分離出來<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last=Smokvina|first=Tamara|author2=Wels, Michiel |author3=Polka, Justyna |author4=Chervaux, Christian |author5=Brisse, Sylvain |author6=Boekhorst, Jos |author7=Vlieg, Johan E. T. van Hylckama |author8=Siezen, Roland J. |author9= Highlander, Sarah K. |title=Lactobacillus paracasei Comparative Genomics: Towards Species Pan-Genome Definition and Exploitation of Diversity|journal=PLoS ONE|date=19 July 2013|volume=8|issue=7|pages=e68731|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068731 |pmid=23894338 |pmc=3716772|bibcode=2013PLoSO...868731S}}</ref>。本物種無論是從[[基因型]]或從[[表型]]都難以從其他諸如[[乾酪乳桿菌]]或''{{tsl|en|Lactobacillus rhamnosus}}''等其他物種分辨過來<ref name=Collins />。然而，科學家還是可以透過這些菌的發酵對象來將之分辨開來<ref name="Ward et al. 1999">{{cite journal|last=Ward|first=L. J. H.|author2=Timmins, M. J. |title=Differentiation of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus by polymerase chain reaction|journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology|date=August 1999|volume=29|issue=2|pages=90–92|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00586.x|pmid=10499296|doi-access=free}}</ref>。這亦使本菌種專門用於生物食品處理程序，以及用於製作營養補充劑，特別是幫助有消化道不適的病患<ref name="Felten et al. 1999">{{cite journal|last=Felten|first=A|author2=Barreau, C |author3=Bizet, C |author4=Lagrange, PH |author5= Philippon, A |title=Lactobacillus species identification, H2O2 production, and antibiotic resistance and correlation with human clinical status.|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=Mar 1999|volume=37|issue=3|pages=729–33|pmid=9986841 |pmc=84537|doi=10.1128/JCM.37.3.729-733.1999}}</ref>。 |
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Although probiotics are considered safe, they may cause bacteria-host interactions and adverse health consequences. In certain cases there is a risk of <!-- [[bacteremia]] -->[[菌血症]] when probiotics are used.<ref name=DurchscheinPetritsch2016>{{cite journal|vauthors=Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF | title=Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2016 | volume= 22 | issue= 7 | pages= 2179–94 | pmid=26900283 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 | pmc=4734995 | type=Review }}</ref><ref name=DoronSnydman2015 /> Currently, the probiotic strain, frequency, dose and duration of the probiotic therapies are not established.<ref name=DurchscheinPetritsch2016 /> |
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副乾酪乳桿菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）{{cn|time=2021-01-04|是[[許清祥]]博士從[[台灣]]的健康嬰兒腸道中篩選出來的[[益生菌]]菌種，利用免疫生物晶片發現這株菌能刺激[[介白素]]IL-12及[[干擾素伽瑪]]分泌，具有調節[[過敏]]免疫反應的能力}}。在隨機[[雙盲]]臨床試驗中，發現連續補充副乾酪乳桿菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)一個月之後能夠改善[[過敏性鼻炎]]症狀的嚴重度與發作頻率<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15059192 Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria from PAI (Pediatric Allergy and Immunology)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15059192 |date=20160919152107 }}2004 Apr;15(2):152-8</ref>。在[[動物實驗]]中證實，副乾酪乳桿菌可以抑制特異性免疫球蛋白E([[免疫球蛋白E|IgE]]) 的合成與刺激[[介白素]]-12(IL-12)之產生。 |
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== Physiology == |
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''Lactobacillus paracasei'' is a <!-- [[gram-positive]] -->[[革蘭氏陽性菌]], facultatively heterofermentative, non-spore forming microorganism.<ref name=Hessle>{{cite journal|last=HESSLE|author2=HANSON |author3=WOLD |title=Lactobacilli from human gastrointestinal mucosa are strong stimulators of IL-12 production|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|date=May 1999|volume=116|issue=2|pages=276–282|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00885.x|pmc=1905267|pmid=10337019}}</ref> The cells of ''L. paracasei'' are typically rod shaped, with a size range of 2.0μm to 4.0μm in width, and 0.8 to 1.0μm in length.<ref name=Collins>{{cite journal|last=COLLINS|first=M. D.|author2=PHILLIPS, B. A. |author3=ZANONI, P. |title=Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of ''Lactobacillus casei'', ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' sp. nov., comb. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|date=1 April 1989|volume=39|issue=2|pages=105–108|doi=10.1099/00207713-39-2-105|doi-access=free}}</ref> The organism is nonmotile. ''L. paracasei'' cells often have square ends, and may exist either in single form or in chains.<ref name=Collins /> |
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副乾酪乳桿菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)廣泛存在於[[乳酪]]、[[泡菜]]等[[發酵]]食品以及人體的[[口腔]]及[[腸道]]中。 |
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''L. paracasei'' grows optimally in a temperature range between 10 and 37 °C.<ref name=Rogan>{{cite journal|last=Rogan|first=WJ|author2=Gladen, BC |author3=Hung, KL |author4=Koong, SL |author5=Shih, LY |author6=Taylor, JS |author7=Wu, YC |author8=Yang, D |author9=Ragan, NB |author10= Hsu, CC |title=Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan|journal=Science|date=Jul 15, 1988|volume=241|issue=4863|pages=334–6|pmid=3133768 |doi=10.1126/science.3133768|bibcode=1988Sci...241..334R|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0dc1c74d7ce9db84ae38214d1a95e416dfa5b730}}</ref> No growth takes place above 40 °C. The organism is able to survive for approximately 40 seconds in a maximum temperature of 72 °C.<ref name=Collins /> As ''L. paracasei'' is {{tsl|en|facultative||facultative}}ly <!-- [[heterofermentative]] -->[[发酵]]: <!-- [[lactic acid]] -->[[乳酸]] is produced from most strains. |
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==常見菌株== |
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''L. paracasei'' exist as a common inhabitant of the human <!-- 頁面不存在 -->[[gastrointestinal tract]] as part of the normal flora.<ref name=Hessle /> Naturally <!-- 頁面不存在 -->[[ferment]]ed vegetables, milk, and meat may also contain strains of ''L. paracasei''.<ref name=Rogan /> |
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'''LP33(Lactobacillus paracasei33)(於2002年發現)''' |
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== Phylogeny == |
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*在副乾酪乳桿菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）的眾多菌株當中，並非所有的菌株都具有抗過敏的功效，所以許清祥博士的研究團隊經過長時間的篩選，在2002年找到具有抗過敏功效的Lactobacillus paracasei 32編號(菌種庫號碼，屬內部編碼)的菌株，可以透過降低過敏患者血清中的IgE值，並增加INF-γ濃度來幫助調整身體免疫系統反應，達到抑制過敏疾病的效果。 |
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''Lactobacillus paracasei'' belongs to kingdom <!-- [[Bacteria]] -->[[细菌]]. ''L. paracasei'' is part of the division <!-- [[Firmicutes]] -->[[厚壁菌門]], and also belongs to the class <!-- [[Bacilli]] -->[[芽孢桿菌綱]].<ref name=Collins /> The order and family are <!-- [[Lactobacillales]] -->[[乳桿菌目]] and {{tsl|en|Lactobacillaceae||Lactobacillaceae}} respectively.<ref name=Collins /> The argument on the {{tsl|en|nomenclature||nomenclature}} of ''L. paracasei'' versus ''L. casei'' has been one of intense debate. Most of the species profiled as ''L. casei'' or ''L. paracasei'' have been found to be part of the same species.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> In 1989, it was proposed that ''L. paracasei'' be designated a subspecies (paracasei) to account for the species that it shares DNA <!-- [[Homology (biology)|homology]] -->[[同源]] with.<ref name=Collins /> It has been shown their names have been used interchangeably in scientific literature.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> <!-- [[16S RNA]] -->[[16S 核糖体RNA]] sequence <!-- [[Homology (biology)|homology]] -->[[同源]] has confirmed the relatedness between these species.<ref name=Collins /> |
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*後來這支菌株被廣泛使用在食品中，某食品廠商為了廣告行銷容易記憶，所以將之稱為「LP33」。 |
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Historically, the difference between ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' and other ''lactobacilli'' has been based on <!-- [[biochemical]] -->[[生物化学]] characteristics. There is an approximately 90% sequence identity between ''<!-- [[casei]] -->[[卡塞伊杰罗拉]]'', ''paracasei'', and ''rhamnosus''.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> However, there are some differential criteria that are commonly used to differentiate between them. These differential criteria include nutritional requirements and growth environment.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> ''L. paracasei'' has been found to show specific differences with other ''Lactobacillus'' spp. in that it is somewhat heat resistant, grows well in ripening cheese, and it has high <!-- [[proteolytic]] -->[[蛋白酶解]] activity.<ref name=Molin-Goran>{{cite journal|last=Molin|first=G.|author2=Jeppsson, B. |author3=Johansson, M.-L. |author4=Ahrné, S. |author5=Nobaek, S. |author6=Ståhl, M. |author7= Bengmark, S. |title=Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines|journal=Journal of Applied Bacteriology|date=March 1993|volume=74|issue=3|pages=314–323|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x |pmid=8468264}}</ref> |
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''L. paracasei'' has been found to have 34 strains.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> These strains have been isolated from various countries around the world. Although there is a small correlation between <!-- [[phylogenetic]] -->[[系统发生学]] relatedness and origin of isolation, currently there is not enough evidence to support direct proof of the relationship.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> |
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*許清祥研究團隊在LP33之後，仍持續研發抗過敏效果更優異的菌株，終於在2011年透過ELISPOT技術篩選，找出最適合東方人服用的抗過敏菌株「Lactobacillus Paracasei BRAP-01」，（簡稱LPBRAP01）。 |
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== Genomics == |
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*Lactobacillus Paracasei BRAP-01已經在2011年5月21日取得專利認證。(專利編號：[https://www.health-click.com.tw/download/web/probiotic/BRAP-01%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AD%89%E6%9B%B8.JPG I342217] {{Wayback|url=https://www.health-click.com.tw/download/web/probiotic/BRAP-01%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AD%89%E6%9B%B8.JPG |date=20190109111145 }}) |
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''L. paracasei's'' genome contains circular <!-- [[DNA]] -->[[脱氧核糖核酸]] and varies slightly among the different strains isolated. On average, the <!-- [[genomes]] -->[[基因組]] are 2.9 to 3.0 million base pairs (commonly abbreviated Mb). It has a <!-- [[GC-content]] -->[[GC含量]] between 46.2 and 46.6% and is predicted to encode about 2800 to 3100 proteins. The difference in the genomes of these strains lies in variant {{tsl|en|cell envelope||cell envelope}}s, {{tsl|en|secretory protein||secretory protein}}s, and <!-- [[polysaccharides]] -->[[多糖]]. Many of the commonly coded proteins are cell-surface associated cell-wall <!-- [[hydrolase]] -->[[水解酶]]s that protect the cell against <!-- [[apoptosis]] -->[[细胞凋亡]]. These enzymes have been shown to provide cellular protection to human <!-- [[epithelial]] -->[[上皮組織]] cells.<ref name="Smokvina et al. 2013" /> |
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'''LP89(Lactobacillus paracasei HB89)(於2017年發現)''' |
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Genetic diversity for the different ''L. paracasei'' <!-- 頁面不存在 -->[[genome]]s was assessed using <!-- [[multilocus sequence typing]] -->[[多位点序列分型]] (MLST) and {{tsl|en|amplified fragment length polymorphism||amplified fragment length polymorphism}} (AFLP). MLST is a technique used for classifying microbes by the use of DNA fragments from essential genes of the organism.<ref name="Maiden et al. 1998">{{cite journal|last=Maiden|first=Martin|author2=Jane Bygraves |author3=Edward Feil |title=Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=January 6, 1998|volume=95|issue=6|pages=3140–3145|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140|pmid=9501229|pmc=19708|bibcode=1998PNAS...95.3140M}}</ref> AFLP is a <!-- [[Polymerase Chain Reaction]] -->[[聚合酶链式反应]] (PCR) tool used in <!-- [[DNA profiling]] -->[[遺傳指紋分析]] to amplify a desired <!-- [[DNA]] -->[[脱氧核糖核酸]] fragment with the use of <!-- [[restriction enzymes]] -->[[限制酶]] and <!-- [[ligands]] -->[[配體]].<ref name="Kumar et al. 2013">{{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Awanish|author2=Anuradha Dube |title=Amplified fragment length polymorphism: an adept technique for genome mapping, genetic differentiation, and intraspecific variation in protozoan parasites [electronic resource]|journal=Parasitology Research|date=February 2013|volume=112|issue=2|pages=457–466|doi=10.1007/s00436-012-3238-6}}</ref> |
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*同團隊核心成員針對空氣污染研究開發的特殊菌種，承襲Lactobacillus Paracasei （簡稱LP菌）原有特性外，另增加空污對於呼吸道的發炎反應有著減少的效果。 |
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== Clinical and research applications== |
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*實驗顯示對照組於空氣污染中之pm2.5物質結合環境glucans，進入呼吸道後會產生劇烈的發炎反應，相對實驗組使用HB89菌珠後可以產生相當程度的抗發炎效果（簡稱LP89）。 |
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<!--<ref name=Molin-Goran>{{cite journal|last=Molin|first=G.|author2=Jeppsson, B. |author3=Johansson, M.-L. |author4=Ahrné, S. |author5=Nobaek, S. |author6=Ståhl, M. |author7= Bengmark, S. |title=Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines|journal=Journal of Applied Bacteriology|date=March 1993|volume=74|issue=3|pages=314–323|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x |pmid=8468264}}</ref>--> |
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*Lactobacillus paracasei HB89於2019年12月11日取得中華民國發明專利。（專利編號：[https://www.health-click.com.tw/download/web/image/literature/LP-HB89-I679278.gif I679278]） |
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''Lactobacillus paracasei'' has been identified as a bacterium that has probiotic properties.<ref name="Probiotics 1">{{cite journal|last=Orlando|first=A.|author2=Refolo, M. G. |author3=Messa, C. |author4=Amati, L. |author5=Lavermicocca, P. |author6=Guerra, V. |author7= Russo, F. |title=Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects of Viable or Heat-Killed IMPC2.1 and GG in HGC-27 Gastric and DLD-1 Colon Cell Lines|journal=Nutrition and Cancer|date=October 2012|volume=64|issue=7|pages=1103–1111|doi=10.1080/01635581.2012.717676}}</ref> ''L. paracasei'' is a part of the normal human gut microbiota.<ref name=Molin-Goran /><ref name=Makras /> ''L. paracasei'' IMPC2.1 may be a chemo<!-- [[prophylactic]] -->[[預防醫學]] in <!-- [[gastrointestinal]] -->[[消化道]] cells.<ref name=Chemoprophylactic>{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Charles N|author2=Nugent, Zoann |author3=Blanchard, James F |title=5-Aminosalicylate Is Not Chemoprophylactic for Colorectal Cancer in IBD: A Population Based Study|journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology|date=15 March 2011|volume=106|issue=4|pages=731–736|doi=10.1038/ajg.2011.50}}</ref> <!-- 頁面不存在 -->[[Gastrointestinal]] cells are susceptible to <!-- [[apoptosis]] -->[[细胞凋亡]] and cell growth from both heat-killed and viable IMPC2.1 strains.<ref name="Probiotics 1" /> |
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''L. paracasei'' 8700:2 has been isolated from healthy human gastrointestinal mucosa and human feces.<ref name=Molin-Goran /> Strain 8700:2 was also found to inhibit ''<!-- [[Salmonella enterica]] -->[[腸道沙門氏菌]]'' and ''<!-- [[Helicobacter pylori]] -->[[幽門螺桿菌]]'', two pathogens commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Strain 8700:2 breaks down <!-- [[oligofructose]] -->[[果寡糖]] and <!-- [[inulin]] -->[[菊粉]], while also growing rapidly on both and producing lactic acid as the end product.<ref name=Makras>{{cite journal|last=Makras|first=L.|author2=Van Acker, G. |author3=De Vuyst, L.|title=Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 Degrades Inulin-Type Fructans Exhibiting Different Degrees of Polymerization|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=3 November 2005|volume=71|issue=11|pages=6531–6537|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.11.6531-6537.2005|pmid=16269678|pmc=1287650}}</ref> |
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A formulation of live bacteria including ''L. paracasei'' may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat <!-- [[ulcerative colitis]] -->[[溃疡性结肠炎]].<ref name=Ghouri2014>{{cite journal| first1=Yezaz A |last1=Ghouri |first2= David M |last2=Richards |first3= Erik F |last3=Rahimi|first4= Joseph T |last4=Krill|first5= Katherine A |last5= Jelinek|first6=Andrew W |last6=DuPont|pmc=4266241|title=Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease|date=9 December 2014 |doi =10.2147/CEG.S27530|journal=Clin Exp Gastroenterol|volume=7|pages= 473–487 |pmid=25525379}}</ref> A systematic review provided significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of ''L. paracasei'' LP-33 strains in the treatment of Allergic rhinitis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guvenc|first=I. A.|last2=Muluk|first2=N. Bayar|last3=Mutlu|first3=F. S.|last4=Eski|first4=E.|last5=Altintoprak|first5=N.|last6=Oktemer|first6=T.|last7=Cingi|first7=C.|date=2016-07-20|title=Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis?: A comprehensive systematic review and meta analysis|journal=American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy|volume=30|issue=5|pages=157–175|doi=10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4354|issn=1945-8932|pmid=27442711}}</ref> |
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==作用機轉== |
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Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions in mice<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Shaohua|last2=Ahmadi|first2=Shokouh|last3=Nagpal|first3=Ravinder|last4=Jain|first4=Shalini|last5=Mishra|first5=Sidharth P.|last6=Kavanagh|first6=Kylie|last7=Zhu|first7=Xuewei|last8=Wang|first8=Zhan|last9=McClain|first9=Donald A.|last10=Kritchevsky|first10=Stephen B.|last11=Kitzman|first11=Dalane W.|date=2019-12-08|title=Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed Lactobacillus paracasei D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions: from C. elegans to mice|journal=GeroScience|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11357-019-00137-4|issn=2509-2723|pmc=7031475}}</ref> |
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人體中大約有80%[[免疫細胞]]位於人體[[黏膜]]組織附近，其中又以位於腸道的[[淋巴]]組織對身體的腸道免疫寬容性佔有重要角色。外來抗原到達[[腸道]]後，會經由M細胞([[微皱褶细胞]])的攝入，並進一步呈現給在腸道周圍巡視的[[樹突細胞]]({{lang|en|Dendritic cell}})啟動一連串的免疫反應，包含對[[抗原]]的免疫寬容性及先天免疫等等。 |
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== Health concerns == |
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The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Although probiotics are considered safe, when they are used by oral administration there is a risk of passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) and subsequent bacteremia, which can cause adverse health consequences.<ref name=DurchscheinPetritsch2016 /> Some people, such as those with immune compromise, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, cardiac valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events.<ref name=DoronSnydman2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Doron S, Snydman DR | title=Risk and safety of probiotics. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 60 Suppl 2 | pages= S129–34 | pmid=25922398 | doi=10.1093/cid/civ085 | pmc=4490230 | type= Review}}</ref> |
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Currently, the probiotic strain, frequency, dose and duration of the probiotic therapy are not established.<ref name=DurchscheinPetritsch2016 /> Live bacteria might not be essential because of beneficial effects of probiotics seems to be mediated by their DNA and by secreted soluble factors, and their therapeutic effects may be obtained by systemic administration rather than oral administration.<ref name=DurchscheinPetritsch2016 /><ref name=DotanRachmilewitz2005>{{cite journal| vauthors=Dotan I, Rachmilewitz D| title=Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: possible mechanisms of action | journal=Curr Opin Gastroenterol | year= 2005 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 426–30 | pmid=15930982 | type= Review}}</ref> |
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LAB (<!-- [[Lactic Acid Bacteria]] -->[[乳桿菌目]]) were classified and grouped in the early 1900s after gaining scientists' attention after observing the bacteria's interactions in different foods, especially dairy products. In 1991, Martinus <!-- [[Beijerinck]] -->[[马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克]], a Dutch microbiologist, separated ''Lactobacillus'' as gram positive bacteria from the previously known LAB group.<ref name="Stiles et al. 1997">{{cite journal|last=Stiles|first=ME|author2=Holzapfel, WH |title=Lactic acid bacteria of foods and their current taxonomy.|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|date=Apr 29, 1997|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–29|pmid=9168311|doi=10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01233-0}}</ref> |
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近幾年[[益生菌]]的研究顯示，[[過敏]]疾病的發生率其實與腸道內[[益生菌]]的存在有絕對的相關性。免疫細胞株分析試驗證實，可誘導分泌高濃度[[干擾素伽瑪]]，來減低過敏發炎反應中[[介白素]]4、5、13 的作用，驅使過敏發炎反應趨向非發炎性的第一型[[T細胞]](Th1)免疫反應路徑進行。主要的機轉為副乾酪乳桿菌細胞壁上的特殊成份胜肽多醣體可與免疫細胞上的TOLL接受器，尤其是[[樹突細胞]](一種抗原呈現細胞)TOLL-2接受器的結合，能活化調節型[[T細胞]]釋放大量細胞素，進一步活化[[先天免疫]]({{lang|en|Innate Immunity}})，並對[[T細胞]]的發育進行教育，進一步驅使過敏[[發炎]]反應轉趨為非發炎的第一型T細胞免疫反應，此機制為「非抗原特異性」之發炎反應阻斷性免疫調節；且副乾酪乳桿菌耐胃酸與膽鹽，於腸道中定殖的狀況良好，因此副乾酪乳桿菌可有效改善各類型[[過敏原]]（如[[塵螨]]、[[花粉]]等）所引起的多種過敏症狀，包括[[氣喘]]、[[過敏性鼻炎]]、[[結膜炎]]、[[異位性皮膚炎]]、[[蕁麻疹]]、濕疹、[[偏頭痛]]、[[肺炎]]等，但無任何[[副作用]]發生。<ref>《Sandy&Mandy的過敏筆記》 [[許清祥]] 著。</ref> |
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''L. paracasei'' has been recently classified as a part of the ''Lactobacillus casei'' group of probiotics.<ref name="Probiotics 1" /> However, it has no clear <!-- [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] -->[[生物分类学]] position. The name ''L. paracasei'' was proposed for rejection in 1996 by Dicks, Duplessis, Dellaglio, and Lauer.<ref name=Collins /> |
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==參考文獻== |
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血液中的免疫球蛋白 E(IgE) 濃度是評估過敏疾病及過敏體質的重要指標。免疫系統會為了嘗試保護身體而開始產生IgE， IgE 抗體會留在體內，並在下次接觸到這種過敏物質時產生過敏反應，所以過敏體質血液中的 IgE 濃度會很高，每種過敏原（OVA）都能與其特異性 IgE 結合，故從結果看來只要有 OVA 誘導過敏體質的組別 OVA 特異性的 IgE 含量都維持在很高的濃度，但餵食乳酸菌 Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 的組別有效降低 OVA 特異性的 IgE含量。基本血液檢測，紅血球的數目並無差異，血紅素在 OVA＋PM2.5 致敏組雖然略低但其含量並無明顯差異，白血球數目在 OVA 致敬組與 OVA＋PM2.5 致敏組偏高，過敏反應與外來物質 PM2.5 皆會間接引發發炎反應，OVA 致敏＋乳酸菌 Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 組與 OVA＋PM2.5 致敏＋乳酸菌 Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 組有明顯減緩發炎反應。 |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==外部連結== |
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外來物入侵時免疫功能會啟動，但過度的免疫反應會造成過敏反應，外來物一開始接觸 IgE 而進一步觸發肥大細胞釋放 histamine，淋巴細胞因表面分子和功能的不同分成T細胞、B細胞、殺手T細胞，也會因應外來物會提供抗體、引導其他免疫細胞，與其相輔相成是單核球，有發炎或外來物入侵時會大量聚集，進一步分化成巨噬細胞與樹突細胞，主要功能是吞噬作用。從肺部沖洗液的結果來看，未經乳酸菌 Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 治療的組別，免疫細胞總數、淋巴球、單核球的數量都有偏高的趨勢，尤其是 OVA＋PM2.5 致敏組，可以看出 PM2.5 加劇了發炎的反應，而餵食乳酸菌 |
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*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=6548&submit=Search Type strain of ''Lactobacillus paracasei'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase] |
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Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 有降低發炎反應的效果，而 histamine 的結果也有相同的趨勢。 |
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==引用== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130308051518/http://www.ttv.com.tw/lohas/green10302.htm 特別報導-徹底調整過敏體質 益生菌抗過敏] |
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*中華民國專利資訊檢索系統]專利編號：[http://www.health-click.com.tw/download/web/probiotic/BRAP-01%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AD%89%E6%9B%B8.JPG I342217] {{Wayback|url=http://www.health-click.com.tw/download/web/probiotic/BRAP-01%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AD%89%E6%9B%B8.JPG |date=20160304122233 }} |
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*中華民國專利資訊檢索系統]專利編號：[https://twpat-simple.tipo.gov.tw/tipomobileusr/00014/ga-I679278.pdf I679278]{{Dead link|date=2020年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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[[Category:乳桿菌屬|F]] |
[[Category:乳桿菌屬|F]] |
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[[Category:革兰氏阳性菌|F]] |
[[Category:革兰氏阳性菌|F]] |
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[[Category:益生菌]] |
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2021年1月4日 (一) 13:28的版本
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副乾酪乳桿菌
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| File:Lactobacillus rhamnosus-LSU lab (Dr. Karen Sullivan).jpg | |
| Lactobacillus bulgaricus, morphologically identical to Lactobacillus paracasei | |
科学分类 
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| 域： | 细菌域 Bacteria |
| 界： | 细菌界 Bacteria |
| 门： | 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes |
| 纲： | 芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli |
| 目： | 乳杆菌目 Lactobacillales |
| 科： | 乳杆菌科 Lactobacillaceae |
| 属： | 乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus |
| 种： | 副乾酪乳桿菌 L. paracasei
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| 二名法 | |
| Lactobacillus paracasei Collins, Phillips & Zanoni, 1989
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副乾酪乳桿菌（學名：Lactobacillus paracasei），常以其縮寫稱呼為LP菌，是一種革蘭氏陽性菌，乳桿菌屬中的一菌種。 為常見的益生菌。副乾酪乳桿菌以偏利共生形式運作。常見於與人類相關的棲息地，包括人體內的腸道、口腔，以至人體外的糞渠、青貯飼料及前述的奶製品[1]。正如「乳桿菌」這名字所指，本菌種有著與芽孢桿菌屬相似的桿狀形態，寬約2.0 to 4.0μm，長約0.8 to 1.0μm。
現時，科學家從不同的環境中分離出34種不同的菌株，當中有16種是從奶製品分離出來，10種從植物分離出來，8種從人類或其他動物的消化道分離出來[2]。本物種無論是從基因型或從表型都難以從其他諸如乾酪乳桿菌或Lactobacillus rhamnosus等其他物種分辨過來[3]。然而，科學家還是可以透過這些菌的發酵對象來將之分辨開來[4]。這亦使本菌種專門用於生物食品處理程序，以及用於製作營養補充劑，特別是幫助有消化道不適的病患[5]。
Although probiotics are considered safe, they may cause bacteria-host interactions and adverse health consequences. In certain cases there is a risk of 菌血症 when probiotics are used.[6][7] Currently, the probiotic strain, frequency, dose and duration of the probiotic therapies are not established.[6]
Physiology
Lactobacillus paracasei is a 革蘭氏陽性菌, facultatively heterofermentative, non-spore forming microorganism.[8] The cells of L. paracasei are typically rod shaped, with a size range of 2.0μm to 4.0μm in width, and 0.8 to 1.0μm in length.[3] The organism is nonmotile. L. paracasei cells often have square ends, and may exist either in single form or in chains.[3]
L. paracasei grows optimally in a temperature range between 10 and 37 °C.[9] No growth takes place above 40 °C. The organism is able to survive for approximately 40 seconds in a maximum temperature of 72 °C.[3] As L. paracasei is facultatively 发酵: 乳酸 is produced from most strains.
L. paracasei exist as a common inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract as part of the normal flora.[8] Naturally fermented vegetables, milk, and meat may also contain strains of L. paracasei.[9]
Phylogeny
Lactobacillus paracasei belongs to kingdom 细菌. L. paracasei is part of the division 厚壁菌門, and also belongs to the class 芽孢桿菌綱.[3] The order and family are 乳桿菌目 and Lactobacillaceae respectively.[3] The argument on the nomenclature of L. paracasei versus L. casei has been one of intense debate. Most of the species profiled as L. casei or L. paracasei have been found to be part of the same species.[2] In 1989, it was proposed that L. paracasei be designated a subspecies (paracasei) to account for the species that it shares DNA 同源 with.[3] It has been shown their names have been used interchangeably in scientific literature.[2] 16S 核糖体RNA sequence 同源 has confirmed the relatedness between these species.[3]
Historically, the difference between Lactobacillus paracasei and other lactobacilli has been based on 生物化学 characteristics. There is an approximately 90% sequence identity between 卡塞伊杰罗拉, paracasei, and rhamnosus.[2] However, there are some differential criteria that are commonly used to differentiate between them. These differential criteria include nutritional requirements and growth environment.[2] L. paracasei has been found to show specific differences with other Lactobacillus spp. in that it is somewhat heat resistant, grows well in ripening cheese, and it has high 蛋白酶解 activity.[10]
L. paracasei has been found to have 34 strains.[2] These strains have been isolated from various countries around the world. Although there is a small correlation between 系统发生学 relatedness and origin of isolation, currently there is not enough evidence to support direct proof of the relationship.[2]
Genomics
L. paracasei's genome contains circular 脱氧核糖核酸 and varies slightly among the different strains isolated. On average, the 基因組 are 2.9 to 3.0 million base pairs (commonly abbreviated Mb). It has a GC含量 between 46.2 and 46.6% and is predicted to encode about 2800 to 3100 proteins. The difference in the genomes of these strains lies in variant cell envelopes, secretory proteins, and 多糖. Many of the commonly coded proteins are cell-surface associated cell-wall 水解酶s that protect the cell against 细胞凋亡. These enzymes have been shown to provide cellular protection to human 上皮組織 cells.[2]
Genetic diversity for the different L. paracasei genomes was assessed using 多位点序列分型 (MLST) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). MLST is a technique used for classifying microbes by the use of DNA fragments from essential genes of the organism.[11] AFLP is a 聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) tool used in 遺傳指紋分析 to amplify a desired 脱氧核糖核酸 fragment with the use of 限制酶 and 配體.[12]
Clinical and research applications
Lactobacillus paracasei has been identified as a bacterium that has probiotic properties.[1] L. paracasei is a part of the normal human gut microbiota.[10][13] L. paracasei IMPC2.1 may be a chemo預防醫學 in 消化道 cells.[14] Gastrointestinal cells are susceptible to 细胞凋亡 and cell growth from both heat-killed and viable IMPC2.1 strains.[1] L. paracasei 8700:2 has been isolated from healthy human gastrointestinal mucosa and human feces.[10] Strain 8700:2 was also found to inhibit 腸道沙門氏菌 and 幽門螺桿菌, two pathogens commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Strain 8700:2 breaks down 果寡糖 and 菊粉, while also growing rapidly on both and producing lactic acid as the end product.[13]
A formulation of live bacteria including L. paracasei may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat 溃疡性结肠炎.[15] A systematic review provided significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of L. paracasei LP-33 strains in the treatment of Allergic rhinitis.[16]
Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed Lactobacillus paracasei D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions in mice[17]
Health concerns
The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Although probiotics are considered safe, when they are used by oral administration there is a risk of passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) and subsequent bacteremia, which can cause adverse health consequences.[6] Some people, such as those with immune compromise, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, cardiac valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events.[7]
Currently, the probiotic strain, frequency, dose and duration of the probiotic therapy are not established.[6] Live bacteria might not be essential because of beneficial effects of probiotics seems to be mediated by their DNA and by secreted soluble factors, and their therapeutic effects may be obtained by systemic administration rather than oral administration.[6][18]
歷史
LAB (乳桿菌目) were classified and grouped in the early 1900s after gaining scientists' attention after observing the bacteria's interactions in different foods, especially dairy products. In 1991, Martinus 马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克, a Dutch microbiologist, separated Lactobacillus as gram positive bacteria from the previously known LAB group.[19] L. paracasei has been recently classified as a part of the Lactobacillus casei group of probiotics.[1] However, it has no clear 生物分类学 position. The name L. paracasei was proposed for rejection in 1996 by Dicks, Duplessis, Dellaglio, and Lauer.[3]
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Orlando, A.; Refolo, M. G.; Messa, C.; Amati, L.; Lavermicocca, P.; Guerra, V.; Russo, F. Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects of Viable or Heat-Killed IMPC2.1 and GG in HGC-27 Gastric and DLD-1 Colon Cell Lines. Nutrition and Cancer. October 2012, 64 (7): 1103–1111. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.717676.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Smokvina, Tamara; Wels, Michiel; Polka, Justyna; Chervaux, Christian; Brisse, Sylvain; Boekhorst, Jos; Vlieg, Johan E. T. van Hylckama; Siezen, Roland J.; Highlander, Sarah K. Lactobacillus paracasei Comparative Genomics: Towards Species Pan-Genome Definition and Exploitation of Diversity. PLoS ONE. 19 July 2013, 8 (7): e68731. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868731S. PMC 3716772
. PMID 23894338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068731.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 COLLINS, M. D.; PHILLIPS, B. A.; ZANONI, P. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov.. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1 April 1989, 39 (2): 105–108. doi:10.1099/00207713-39-2-105 .
- ^ Ward, L. J. H.; Timmins, M. J. Differentiation of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus by polymerase chain reaction. Letters in Applied Microbiology. August 1999, 29 (2): 90–92. PMID 10499296. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00586.x .
- ^ Felten, A; Barreau, C; Bizet, C; Lagrange, PH; Philippon, A. Lactobacillus species identification, H2O2 production, and antibiotic resistance and correlation with human clinical status.. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Mar 1999, 37 (3): 729–33. PMC 84537 . PMID 9986841. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.3.729-733.1999.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF. Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new.. World J Gastroenterol (Review). 2016, 22 (7): 2179–94. PMC 4734995 . PMID 26900283. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Doron S, Snydman DR. Risk and safety of probiotics.. Clin Infect Dis (Review). 2015,. 60 Suppl 2: S129–34. PMC 4490230 . PMID 25922398. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 HESSLE; HANSON; WOLD. Lactobacilli from human gastrointestinal mucosa are strong stimulators of IL-12 production. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. May 1999, 116 (2): 276–282. PMC 1905267 . PMID 10337019. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00885.x.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Rogan, WJ; Gladen, BC; Hung, KL; Koong, SL; Shih, LY; Taylor, JS; Wu, YC; Yang, D; Ragan, NB; Hsu, CC. Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan. Science. Jul 15, 1988, 241 (4863): 334–6. Bibcode:1988Sci...241..334R. PMID 3133768. doi:10.1126/science.3133768.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Molin, G.; Jeppsson, B.; Johansson, M.-L.; Ahrné, S.; Nobaek, S.; Ståhl, M.; Bengmark, S. Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. March 1993, 74 (3): 314–323. PMID 8468264. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x.
- ^ Maiden, Martin; Jane Bygraves; Edward Feil. Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 6, 1998, 95 (6): 3140–3145. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.3140M. PMC 19708 . PMID 9501229. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140.
- ^ Kumar, Awanish; Anuradha Dube. Amplified fragment length polymorphism: an adept technique for genome mapping, genetic differentiation, and intraspecific variation in protozoan parasites [electronic resource]. Parasitology Research. February 2013, 112 (2): 457–466. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3238-6.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Makras, L.; Van Acker, G.; De Vuyst, L. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 Degrades Inulin-Type Fructans Exhibiting Different Degrees of Polymerization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 3 November 2005, 71 (11): 6531–6537. PMC 1287650 . PMID 16269678. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6531-6537.2005.
- ^ Bernstein, Charles N; Nugent, Zoann; Blanchard, James F. 5-Aminosalicylate Is Not Chemoprophylactic for Colorectal Cancer in IBD: A Population Based Study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 15 March 2011, 106 (4): 731–736. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.50.
- ^ Ghouri, Yezaz A; Richards, David M; Rahimi, Erik F; Krill, Joseph T; Jelinek, Katherine A; DuPont, Andrew W. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 9 December 2014, 7: 473–487. PMC 4266241 . PMID 25525379. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530.
- ^ Guvenc, I. A.; Muluk, N. Bayar; Mutlu, F. S.; Eski, E.; Altintoprak, N.; Oktemer, T.; Cingi, C. Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis?: A comprehensive systematic review and meta analysis. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2016-07-20, 30 (5): 157–175. ISSN 1945-8932. PMID 27442711. doi:10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4354.
- ^ Wang, Shaohua; Ahmadi, Shokouh; Nagpal, Ravinder; Jain, Shalini; Mishra, Sidharth P.; Kavanagh, Kylie; Zhu, Xuewei; Wang, Zhan; McClain, Donald A.; Kritchevsky, Stephen B.; Kitzman, Dalane W. Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed Lactobacillus paracasei D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions: from C. elegans to mice. GeroScience. 2019-12-08. ISSN 2509-2723. PMC 7031475 . doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00137-4 （英语）.
- ^ Dotan I, Rachmilewitz D. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: possible mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Gastroenterol (Review). 2005, 21 (4): 426–30. PMID 15930982.
- ^ Stiles, ME; Holzapfel, WH. Lactic acid bacteria of foods and their current taxonomy.. International Journal of Food Microbiology. Apr 29, 1997, 36 (1): 1–29. PMID 9168311. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01233-0.
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外部連結
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