廣鰭八腕魷

廣鰭八腕魷
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲：	頭足綱 Cephalopoda
目：	開眼目 Oegopsida
科：	八腕鱿科 Octopoteuthidae
属：	塔氏鱿属 Taningia
种：	廣鰭八腕魷 T. danae
二名法
	Taningia danae; Joubin, 1931
異名
	Cucioteuthis unguiculatus; Joubin, 1898; Cucioteuthis unguiculatus; Clarke, 1956; Cucioteuthis unguiculata; Rees & Maul, 1956; Cucioteuthis unguiculata; Clarke, 1962; Enoploteuthis cookii; Owen, 1881;

廣鰭八腕魷（學名：Taningia danae）為八腕魷科（英语：Octopoteuthidae）下的一種大型魷魚，外套膜長達可達1.7米（5.6英尺）^[3]，全長則可達2.3米（7.5英尺）^[4]。目前已知體型最大的個體體重可達161.4公斤（356磅），屬成年雌性個體^[5]^{[nb a]}。

命名學[编辑]

廣鰭八腕魷學名「Taningia danae」的屬名是為了紀念丹麥魚類學家Åge Vedel Tåning（英语：Åge Vedel Tåning），種名則來自他出航時常搭乘的研究船－德納（英语：Dana (ship)）^[6]。

生態學[编辑]

廣鰭八腕魷與其它八腕魷科物種同樣具有生物發光的能力，更具有目前已知最大的發光器，約與拳頭或檸檬相當，發光器外部被黑色的膜完全包覆，功能類似眼瞼，讓廣鰭八腕魷得以控制發光器的閃爍^[7]。

2005年，由日本海洋生物學家窪寺恒己（英语：Tsunemi Kubodera）帶領的研究團隊首次成功於北太平洋的父島外海深處捕捉到廣鰭八腕魷的身影，當下該個體在捕捉獵物時會同時透過腕足（英语：cephalopod arm）上的發光器發出藍綠色的強光，科學家認為這個行為是為了使獵物失去判斷能力。強光也可能是為了照明，方便廣鰭八腕魷捕捉到獵物的位置，或是用於求偶（英语：courtship display）及儀式性攻擊行為（英语：Ritualized aggression）^[4]。

除了用於捕捉獵物，廣鰭八腕魷的發光能力也能用來充當防禦機制。幼年個體曾經被觀察過會透過突然快速游向潛在掠食者及發出閃光來驚嚇對方^[8]。

2012年，廣鰭八腕魷在探索頻道的特別節目《Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real（直譯「怪物魷魚：真實巨獸」）》搜索大王烏賊的過程中被捕捉到了兩次畫面^[9]。

廣鰭八腕魷的遺骸偶爾會被沖上海岸。2008年，一群學生在百慕達葡萄灣在沙灘上發現了廣鰭八腕魷的外套膜及其已分離的腕足^[10]。2013年，一頭重54公斤（119磅）、外套膜長103 cm（3.38英尺）的個體在西班牙加利西亞埃斯塔卡德巴雷斯角沿海水深240米（790英尺）的深海中被拖網捕撈（英语：Trawling）上岸，目前該樣本由西班牙海洋研究院（英语：Spanish Institute of Oceanography）收藏^[11]。

廣鰭八腕魷體內較高濃度的氮-15（英语：Nitrogen-15 tracing）意味著牠們屬於營養級較高的掠食者^[12]。但牠們同時也是抹香鯨的獵物之一^[13]^[14]^[15]。

註釋[编辑]

a.^{^} 此體重重量的估算來自於一頭發現於北太平洋、外套膜長度為1.6米（5.2英尺）的個體^[5]，該個體原先預估最重體重的61.4公斤（135磅）來自原引用論文的印刷錯誤^[16]^[5]

參考文獻[编辑]

^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. Taningia danae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014, 2014: e.T163267A991803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163267A991803.en . Downloaded on 10 March 2018.
^ Julian Finn. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. 2016 [10 March 2018].
^ Nesis, K.N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385+ii pp. （俄語） [Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess 1987. Cephalopods of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 351pp.]
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Kubodera, T., Y. Koyama & K. Mori 2006. Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. (PDF). (295 KB) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1613): 1029–1034. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0236
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb 2010. Family Octopoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 262–268.
^ Taningia danae, a deep-sea bioluminescent squid. The Cephalopod Page. Dr. James B. Wood. [10 March 2018].
^ Captain Cook's Calamari. seahistory.org. National Maritime Historical Society. [12 December 2022].
^ Young, R.E. & M. Vecchione 1999. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. Version 1 January 1999. Tree of Life web project.
^ Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real. Discovery Channel.
^ Dale, A. 2008. "Monster from the Deep". Bermuda Royal Gazette, July 8, 2008.
^ Aparece en Galicia un calamar gigante de 54 kilos y más de un metro de largo. Europa Press, 11 February 2013. （西班牙語）
^ Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi:10.3354/meps11266
^ Chua, Marcus A.H.; Lane, David J.W.; Ooi, Seng Keat; Tay, Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi. Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore. PeerJ. 5 April 2019, 7: e6705. PMC 6452849 . PMID 30984481. doi:10.7717/peerj.6705 .
^ Harvey, James T.; Friend, Theresa; McHuron, Elizabeth A. Cephalopod remains from stomachs of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that mass-stranded along the Oregon coast. Marine Mammal Science. April 2014, 30 (2): 609–625. doi:10.1111/mms.12063.
^ EVANS, K; HINDELL, M. The diet of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science. December 2004, 61 (8): 1313–1329. Bibcode:2004ICJMS..61.1313E. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.026 .
^ Roper, C.F.E. & M. Vecchione 1993. A geographic and taxonomic review of Taningia danae Joubin, 1931 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae), with new records and observations on bioluminescence. (PDF). In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & T. Kubodera (eds.) Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. pp. 441–456.

延伸閱讀[编辑]

González, Á.F., Á. Guerra & F. Rocha 2003. New data on the life history and ecology of the deep-sea hooked squid Taningia danae. Sarsia 88(4): 297–301.
Quetglas, A., K. Fliti, E. Massutí, W. Refes, B. Guijarro & S. Zaghdoudi 2006. Quetglas, Antoni; Fliti, Khaled; Massutí, Enric; Refes, Wahid; Guijarro, Beatríz; Zaghdoudi, Said. First record of Taningia danae (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina. 2006, 70: 153–155. doi:10.3989/scimar.2006.70n1153 . hdl:10508/7451 . . Scientia Marina 70(1): 153–155.
Santos, M.B., G.J. Pierce, Á.F. González, F. Santos, M.A. Vázquez, M.A. Santos & M.A. Collins 2001. First records of Taningia danae (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) in Galician waters (north-west Spain) and in Scottish waters (UK). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 81(2): 355–356. doi:10.1017/S0025315401003903
Zeidler, W. 1981. A giant deep-sea squid, Taningia sp., from South Australian waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105(4): 218.

外部連結[编辑]

[IUCN-1] Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. Taningia danae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014, 2014: e.T163267A991803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163267A991803.en . Downloaded on 10 March 2018.

[WoRMS-2] Julian Finn. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. 2016 [10 March 2018].

[3] Nesis, K.N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385+ii pp. （俄語） [Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess 1987. Cephalopods of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 351pp.]

[KKM-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Kubodera, T., Y. Koyama & K. Mori 2006. Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. (PDF). (295 KB) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1613): 1029–1034. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0236

[RoperJereb2010-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb 2010. Family Octopoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 262–268.

[TCP-6] Taningia danae, a deep-sea bioluminescent squid. The Cephalopod Page. Dr. James B. Wood. [10 March 2018].

[7] Captain Cook's Calamari. seahistory.org. National Maritime Historical Society. [12 December 2022].

[8] Young, R.E. & M. Vecchione 1999. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. Version 1 January 1999. Tree of Life web project.

[9] Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real. Discovery Channel.

[10] Dale, A. 2008. "Monster from the Deep". Bermuda Royal Gazette, July 8, 2008.

[11] Aparece en Galicia un calamar gigante de 54 kilos y más de un metro de largo. Europa Press, 11 February 2013. （西班牙語）

[SI-12] Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi:10.3354/meps11266

[13] Chua, Marcus A.H.; Lane, David J.W.; Ooi, Seng Keat; Tay, Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi. Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore. PeerJ. 5 April 2019, 7: e6705. PMC 6452849 . PMID 30984481. doi:10.7717/peerj.6705 .

[14] Harvey, James T.; Friend, Theresa; McHuron, Elizabeth A. Cephalopod remains from stomachs of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that mass-stranded along the Oregon coast. Marine Mammal Science. April 2014, 30 (2): 609–625. doi:10.1111/mms.12063.

[15] EVANS, K; HINDELL, M. The diet of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science. December 2004, 61 (8): 1313–1329. Bibcode:2004ICJMS..61.1313E. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.026 .

[16] Roper, C.F.E. & M. Vecchione 1993. A geographic and taxonomic review of Taningia danae Joubin, 1931 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae), with new records and observations on bioluminescence. (PDF). In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & T. Kubodera (eds.) Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. pp. 441–456.

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