广鳍八腕鱿

广鳍八腕鱿
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	软体动物门 Mollusca
纲：	头足纲 Cephalopoda
目：	开眼目 Oegopsida
科：	八腕鱿科 Octopoteuthidae
属：	塔氏鱿属 Taningia
种：	广鳍八腕鱿 T. danae
二名法
	Taningia danae; Joubin, 1931
异名
	Cucioteuthis unguiculatus; Joubin, 1898; Cucioteuthis unguiculatus; Clarke, 1956; Cucioteuthis unguiculata; Rees & Maul, 1956; Cucioteuthis unguiculata; Clarke, 1962; Enoploteuthis cookii; Owen, 1881;

广鳍八腕鱿（学名：Taningia danae）为八腕鱿科（英语：Octopoteuthidae）下的一种大型鱿鱼，外套膜长达可达1.7米（5.6英尺）^[3]，全长则可达2.3米（7.5英尺）^[4]。目前已知体型最大的个体体重可达161.4千克（356磅），属成年雌性个体^[5]^{[nb a]}。

命名学[编辑]

广鳍八腕鱿学名“Taningia danae”的属名是为了纪念丹麦鱼类学家Åge Vedel Tåning（英语：Åge Vedel Tåning），种名则来自他出航时常搭乘的研究船－德纳（英语：Dana (ship)）^[6]。

生态学[编辑]

广鳍八腕鱿与其它八腕鱿科物种同样具有生物发光的能力，更具有目前已知最大的发光器，约与拳头或柠檬相当，发光器外部被黑色的膜完全包覆，功能类似眼睑，让广鳍八腕鱿得以控制发光器的闪烁^[7]。

2005年，由日本海洋生物学家洼寺恒己（英语：Tsunemi Kubodera）带领的研究团队首次成功于北太平洋的父岛外海深处捕捉到广鳍八腕鱿的身影，当下该个体在捕捉猎物时会同时透过腕足（英语：cephalopod arm）上的发光器发出蓝绿色的强光，科学家认为这个行为是为了使猎物失去判断能力。强光也可能是为了照明，方便广鳍八腕鱿捕捉到猎物的位置，或是用于求偶（英语：courtship display）及仪式性攻击行为（英语：Ritualized aggression）^[4]。

除了用于捕捉猎物，广鳍八腕鱿的发光能力也能用来充当防御机制。幼年个体曾经被观察过会透过突然快速游向潜在掠食者及发出闪光来惊吓对方^[8]。

2012年，广鳍八腕鱿在探索频道的特别节目《Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real（直译“怪物鱿鱼：真实巨兽”）》搜索大王乌贼的过程中被捕捉到了两次画面^[9]。

广鳍八腕鱿的遗骸偶尔会被冲上海岸。2008年，一群学生在百慕大葡萄湾在沙滩上发现了广鳍八腕鱿的外套膜及其已分离的腕足^[10]。2013年，一头重54千克（119磅）、外套膜长103 cm（3.38英尺）的个体在西班牙加利西亚埃斯塔卡德巴雷斯角沿海水深240米（790英尺）的深海中被拖网捕捞（英语：Trawling）上岸，目前该样本由西班牙海洋研究院（英语：Spanish Institute of Oceanography）收藏^[11]。

广鳍八腕鱿体内较高浓度的氮-15（英语：Nitrogen-15 tracing）意味着它们属于营养级较高的掠食者^[12]。但它们同时也是抹香鲸的猎物之一^[13]^[14]^[15]。

注释[编辑]

a.^{^} 此体重重量的估算来自于一头发现于北太平洋、外套膜长度为1.6米（5.2英尺）的个体^[5]，该个体原先预估最重体重的61.4千克（135磅）来自原引用论文的印刷错误^[16]^[5]

参考文献[编辑]

^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. Taningia danae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014, 2014: e.T163267A991803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163267A991803.en . Downloaded on 10 March 2018.
^ Julian Finn. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. 2016 [10 March 2018].
^ Nesis, K.N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385+ii pp. （俄语） [Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess 1987. Cephalopods of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 351pp.]
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Kubodera, T., Y. Koyama & K. Mori 2006. Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. (PDF). (295 KB) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1613): 1029–1034. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0236
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb 2010. Family Octopoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 262–268.
^ Taningia danae, a deep-sea bioluminescent squid. The Cephalopod Page. Dr. James B. Wood. [10 March 2018].
^ Captain Cook's Calamari. seahistory.org. National Maritime Historical Society. [12 December 2022].
^ Young, R.E. & M. Vecchione 1999. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. Version 1 January 1999. Tree of Life web project.
^ Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real. Discovery Channel.
^ Dale, A. 2008. "Monster from the Deep". Bermuda Royal Gazette, July 8, 2008.
^ Aparece en Galicia un calamar gigante de 54 kilos y más de un metro de largo. Europa Press, 11 February 2013. （西班牙语）
^ Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi:10.3354/meps11266
^ Chua, Marcus A.H.; Lane, David J.W.; Ooi, Seng Keat; Tay, Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi. Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore. PeerJ. 5 April 2019, 7: e6705. PMC 6452849 . PMID 30984481. doi:10.7717/peerj.6705 .
^ Harvey, James T.; Friend, Theresa; McHuron, Elizabeth A. Cephalopod remains from stomachs of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that mass-stranded along the Oregon coast. Marine Mammal Science. April 2014, 30 (2): 609–625. doi:10.1111/mms.12063.
^ EVANS, K; HINDELL, M. The diet of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science. December 2004, 61 (8): 1313–1329. Bibcode:2004ICJMS..61.1313E. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.026 .
^ Roper, C.F.E. & M. Vecchione 1993. A geographic and taxonomic review of Taningia danae Joubin, 1931 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae), with new records and observations on bioluminescence. (PDF). In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & T. Kubodera (eds.) Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. pp. 441–456.

延伸阅读[编辑]

González, Á.F., Á. Guerra & F. Rocha 2003. New data on the life history and ecology of the deep-sea hooked squid Taningia danae. Sarsia 88(4): 297–301.
Quetglas, A., K. Fliti, E. Massutí, W. Refes, B. Guijarro & S. Zaghdoudi 2006. Quetglas, Antoni; Fliti, Khaled; Massutí, Enric; Refes, Wahid; Guijarro, Beatríz; Zaghdoudi, Said. First record of Taningia danae (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina. 2006, 70: 153–155. doi:10.3989/scimar.2006.70n1153 . hdl:10508/7451 . . Scientia Marina 70(1): 153–155.
Santos, M.B., G.J. Pierce, Á.F. González, F. Santos, M.A. Vázquez, M.A. Santos & M.A. Collins 2001. First records of Taningia danae (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) in Galician waters (north-west Spain) and in Scottish waters (UK). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 81(2): 355–356. doi:10.1017/S0025315401003903
Zeidler, W. 1981. A giant deep-sea squid, Taningia sp., from South Australian waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105(4): 218.

外部链接[编辑]

[IUCN-1] Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. Taningia danae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014, 2014: e.T163267A991803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163267A991803.en . Downloaded on 10 March 2018.

[WoRMS-2] Julian Finn. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. 2016 [10 March 2018].

[3] Nesis, K.N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385+ii pp. （俄语） [Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess 1987. Cephalopods of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 351pp.]

[KKM-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Kubodera, T., Y. Koyama & K. Mori 2006. Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. (PDF). (295 KB) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1613): 1029–1034. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0236

[RoperJereb2010-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb 2010. Family Octopoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 262–268.

[TCP-6] Taningia danae, a deep-sea bioluminescent squid. The Cephalopod Page. Dr. James B. Wood. [10 March 2018].

[7] Captain Cook's Calamari. seahistory.org. National Maritime Historical Society. [12 December 2022].

[8] Young, R.E. & M. Vecchione 1999. Taningia danae Joubin, 1931. Version 1 January 1999. Tree of Life web project.

[9] Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real. Discovery Channel.

[10] Dale, A. 2008. "Monster from the Deep". Bermuda Royal Gazette, July 8, 2008.

[11] Aparece en Galicia un calamar gigante de 54 kilos y más de un metro de largo. Europa Press, 11 February 2013. （西班牙语）

[SI-12] Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi:10.3354/meps11266

[13] Chua, Marcus A.H.; Lane, David J.W.; Ooi, Seng Keat; Tay, Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi. Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island, Singapore. PeerJ. 5 April 2019, 7: e6705. PMC 6452849 . PMID 30984481. doi:10.7717/peerj.6705 .

[14] Harvey, James T.; Friend, Theresa; McHuron, Elizabeth A. Cephalopod remains from stomachs of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that mass-stranded along the Oregon coast. Marine Mammal Science. April 2014, 30 (2): 609–625. doi:10.1111/mms.12063.

[15] EVANS, K; HINDELL, M. The diet of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science. December 2004, 61 (8): 1313–1329. Bibcode:2004ICJMS..61.1313E. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.026 .

[16] Roper, C.F.E. & M. Vecchione 1993. A geographic and taxonomic review of Taningia danae Joubin, 1931 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae), with new records and observations on bioluminescence. (PDF). In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & T. Kubodera (eds.) Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. pp. 441–456.

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