神經語言規劃
神經語言程式學(英語:Neuro-Linguistic Programming,簡稱NLP),或譯神經語言規劃、身心語言程式學等,是一種偽科學,聲稱能在短時間內轉變人的思想、情緒與行為,但科學上無法證實[1]。神經語言程式學主張神經過程、語言和後天行為模式之間存在聯繫,可透過改變這些聯繫來實現生活中的特定目標[2][3],參考了個人中心治療、完形治療法、催眠療法、認知科學等理論。
學術界普遍認為,神經語言程式學的有效性在科學上無法被證實[4][5][6][7][8],並且不符合科學原則[9][10][11]。科學文獻回顧表明,神經語言程式學的理論根據是基於對大腦內部運作的隱喻,這些隱喻與當前的神經學理論有許多不一致。[12][13]即使有支持其成效的研究,其數量及質素亦不佳[14][15]。有三倍多的高品質研究未能重現創始人班德勒、葛瑞德和其他NLP實踐者所提出的主張。[7][16]
「神經語言程式學」一詞意在傳達腦中(「neuro」,意指「關於神經/神經系統的」)的運作,可以在系統性指令(「programming」,意指「節目編排」或「程式編寫」,意譯作「規劃」)的基礎上,藉由語言(「linguistic」,意指「語言的/語言學的」)來進行改變。[1]
起源與歷史
[编辑]此條目內容疑欠准确,有待查證。 |
NLP有三位創始人,其中名為理察·班德勒的在求學時主修電腦學系,但他卻醉心研究人類行為,拿下心理學碩士與哲學碩士學位。
另外一位則是任教於加州大學的語言學家,曾有協助美國中央情報局(CIA)經驗的約翰·葛瑞德(John Grinder)。以及另一位法蘭克·普西林克(Frank Pucelik)。三位皆不滿傳統心理學派的治療過程,因其時間太長且效果不能持久。在一次的因緣際會下,他們一起研究並模仿當時四位在人類溝通以及心理治療方面有卓越成就的大師在治療過程運用的語言模式、心理策略等。加上獨創的理念而整理出NLP的理論架構,經過多年反覆的臨床實驗,認為NLP在運用於人類行為改變方面具有非常顯著的效果。
Richard曾在家族治療師Virginia Satir的工作坊中擔任編寫逐字稿的工作。在此過程中,他發現Virginia對個案的治療語言有特殊的對話模式,於是Richard拆解出Virginia的說話模式,並找到任教於南加州大學的語言學副教授John Grinder二人共同出版了【神奇的結構I、神奇的結構II(The Structure of MagicI,The Structure of MagicII)】。
Virginia為上述二本書寫推薦序,提到「我發現儘管我意識到改變正在發生,但我無法明白使改變成為可能的具體原理......,Richard及John所做的,就是從其中提取『如何做到的形式』到底是什麼? 這與二人所學的數學、物理學、神經病學和語言學關聯極大,他們採用的是複雜的方式達成的。」
而人類學家Gregory Bateson(為思覺失調症患者家族的對話中,研究發現雙重束縛Double Bind理論的學者)為這二本書寫的推薦序中,也提到John及Richard二人成功地將「語言學」變成「理論的基礎」,同時成為「治療的工具」。Gregory:「就我現在看來,John及Richard所達成的,『對治療是不可或缺的』。......他們成功的『將人們怎麼樣逃避變化的句法』清楚地闡釋出來,而得出如何改變個案的方法。」[17]
John, Richard, 及Virginia三人在1976年共同出版了【與家庭一起改變(Changing with Families] 】,在此書中,三人詳細描述了如何善用三人整合各自的家庭及個人治療經驗、在家族治療過程中,逐漸發展出的技巧,且明確提出在治療過程中的有效溝通模式。這些技巧是經過三人實際驗證的工具、模式和方法;並鼓勵治療者們去運用這些治療技巧,來表達自我及治療家族成員時,得以有效溝通。[18]
內容
[编辑]神經語言程式學聲稱提升人與人之間的溝通技巧,以及積極正面的思維技術:神經系統、語言模式與大腦策略。
「基本假設」/「假設前提」
[编辑]神經语言程式學有12個最基本的「假设前提」又作「基本假設」(NLP Presuppositions[19][20][21][22])。
應用
[编辑]有許多不同領域的人士,例如:政治家、演说家、推銷員、傳道人、教師、社工、輔導員、管理層、人事部等,學習箇中技巧並應用於工作中,當中抑不乏用於家庭溝通與戀愛關係。崛起於卡內基訓練(Dale Carnegie Training)之後的新興人際溝通技巧,然而其多元觀點的融合(心理學、神經學、語言學以及催眠技巧),很快地便在歐、美、日、港等地掀起熱潮,不少國際知名人士皆有學習和運用NLP技巧,例如:富爸爸,窮爸爸作者羅伯特‧清崎、美國前總統柯林頓、網球好手安德烈‧阿格西...等。
水準與程度
[编辑]神經語言程式學國際認證課程有4種等級證書:
- 執行師 Practitioner
- 高階執行師 Master Practitioner
- 訓練師 Trainer
- 高階訓練師 Master Trainer
由於創始人Bandler和John之間的官司糾紛[23][24][25][26],目前「NLP」及「神經語言程式學」雖因無法註冊商標權,並不隸屬於任何個人或組織所擁有[27][28];然而由各機構後期開發的技術並非公共財。
而John及Richard各自成立機構授課,可取得認證。目前並沒有统一的官方機構負責國際認證[29][30]。取得NLP執行師、高階執行師、訓練師或高階訓練師的認證,由各國培訓機構及認證協會根據規範採認 [31]。
支持者與反對者的觀點
[编辑]外界的質疑
[编辑]NLP倍受正統心理學質疑。Grant Devilly(2005)指出:[32]
| “ | 初推出的時候,NLP被認為是療法上的新突破,亦常見於工作坊、影帶、書本等廣告。這些工作坊提供證書 [……] 可是,在對照研究中,發覺沒有太大實際成效,而且廣告內經常夾雜一些極端或者經常改變的聲稱,所以研究員開始認為研究這方面是不智的,甚至覺得NLP是不可能測驗的理論。 [……] NLP 沒有 1970年代及1980年代般流行,但仍然在一些人力資源界小規模地進行。科學來了又沒有了,但信念還在。 | ” |
- NLP可能受到新紀元運動及人類潛能等信念影響[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]。
- NLP被認爲基于社会建构主义[43]。
- 《僞科學百科全書》(2000年)中收錄了對NLP的批評文章。
對質疑的反駁
[编辑]- NLP常被大量使用在「心靈成長」等議題,這是與NLP本身信念有所違背的,引用NLP創始人理察‧班德勒一段話:「我在這裡教大家的,不過就是如何管理人生,......,這不是什麼理念,不是意識形態,也不是宗教信仰,......。」(Get The Life You Want. ISBN 9789861751870.)
- NLP創辦人John Grinder認為NLP與信仰或靈性成長無關。[44]
- John Grinder、美國NLPU,以及這二大機構所授權教學機構的課程內容中,明確顯示NLP無法控制人。獲得這二大系統以下授權教學的NLP訓練師及NLP高階訓練師,他們因為受到嚴謹的評估及認證後,才能取得授權教材,或為參與者申請這二大系統的證書,因此授課內容中主要是如何療癒個案,完全沒有任何關於控制的內容。[來源請求]
相關書目及實證研究
[编辑]相關書目
- 羅伯特·迪爾茨. 《NLP新世代》. ISBN 9789869521000.
- 理察‧班德勒. 《 NLP之父3天改變你的一生》. ISBN 9789861752976.
- 理察‧班德勒. 《自我轉變的驚人秘密》. ISBN 9789861751870.
- 理察‧班德勒. 《青蛙變王子》. ISBN 9575296613.
- 理察‧班德勒. 《行動的奧秘》. ISBN 9575297512.
- 理察‧班德勒. 《給自己時間改變》. ISBN 9575298144.
- 約翰·葛瑞德 與 理查·班德勒《神奇的結構1》ISBN 9787510060113
- 約翰·葛瑞德 , 理查·班德勒 與 維吉尼亞·薩提爾《與家庭一起改變》ISBN 083140051X
- 約翰·葛瑞德 , 茱迪芙·迪露西亞與理查·班德勒《催眠天書1-米爾頓·艾瑞克森催眠模式》ISBN 9787519220471
- 約翰·葛瑞德 , 茱迪芙·迪露西亞與理查·班德勒《催眠天書2-米爾頓·艾瑞克森催眠模式》ISBN 9787519220464
- 羅伯特·迪爾茨《語言的魔力-談笑間轉變信念之NLP技巧》ISBN 0916990478
- 羅伯特·迪爾茨《從教練到喚醒者》 ISBN 9787215067165
- 羅伯特·迪爾茨《卓越元素》 ISBN 9787559611505
- 羅伯特·迪爾茨《新世代創業者 Next Generation Entrepreneurs》 ISBN 9780996200400
- Wake, L., Gray, R. M., & Bourke, F. S. (Eds.). (2013). 《The clinical effectiveness of neurolinguistic programming: A critical appraisal. 》 ISBN 9780203083666.
NLP實證研究-亞洲-台灣
- 梁鳳珍(2025)。【NLP團體諮商應用於社交焦慮者轉變之研究】﹝碩士論文﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。
- 張旭男(2023)。【NLP協助由父母教養所形成的童年創傷研究】﹝碩士論文﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。
- 莊岳霖(2002)。【教師參加神經語言程式學(NLP)溝通訓練方案之成效與歷程的研究】﹝碩士論文﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。
NLP實證研究-亞洲-日本
- Kotera, Y., & Sheffield, D. (2019). NLP for Japanese workers' mental well-being: Pilot study. Mental Health Review Journal, 24(4), 145–157.
NLP實證研究-歐美
- Abdivarmazan, M., & Sylabkhori, Z. (2016). Effectiveness of training of Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) strategies on reducing social anxiety. World Scientific News,60, 67-77.
- Anjomshoa, M. R., Esmailzadeh, M. R., & Keshtidar, M. (2020). Effects of neuro-linguistic programming course on job stress, positive organizational behavior and job motivation in physical education teachers. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(3), 111-117.
- Einspruch, E. L., & Forman, B. D. (2008). Neuro-Linguistic Programming in the Treatment of Phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6(1), 91–100.
- Gray, R. M., & Bourke, F. (2015). Remediation of intrusive symptoms of PTSD in fewer than five sessions: A 30-person pre-pilot study of the RTM protocol. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 1(2), 85–92.
- Grimley, B. (2016). Removal of PTSD symptoms in a client using neuro linguistic programming-a case history. Journal of Experiential Psychother, 19(3), 37-46.
- Hidalgo, R. B., Barnett, S. D., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Social anxiety disorder in review: Two decades of progress. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4(3), 279–298.
- Jarusaksri, T., Suthithatip, S., & Wisessuwan, A. (2016). The development of self mastery through neuro-linguistic programming group counseling. HRD Journal, 7(2), 46-55.
- Karunaratne, M. (2010). Neuro-linguistic programming and application in treatment of phobias. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(4), 203-207.
- Konefal, J., & Duncan, R. C. (1998). Social anxiety and training in neurolinguistic programming. Psychological Reports, 83(3 Pt 1), 1115–1122.
- Kotera, Y. (2018). A qualitative investigation into the experience of neuro-linguistic programming certification training among Japanese career consultants. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(1), 39-50.
- Kotera, Y., Sheffield, D., & Van Gordon, W. (2019). The applications of neuro‐linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(1), 101-116.
- Legall, J., & Dondon, P. (2006, December). Neuro-linguistic programming: A personal development tool applied to the pedagogy and to the improvement of teachers/students relations. Paper presented at the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Education and Educational Technology.
- Malik, S., Mirza, M., Ahmad, F., & Malik, A. (2021). Treatment of severe anxiety and social phobia by hypnosis and neurolinguistic programming – A case report. Advances in Life Sciences, 8(2), 107–111.
- Nallamuthu, P., & Gandhimathi, S. N. S. (2024). DIMINISHING ANXIETY USING NEURO-LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING IN PUBLIC SPEAKING FOR TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS. In Futuristic Trends in Social Sciences Volume 3 Book 4 (pp. 1–10). Iterative International Publisher.
- Nompo, R. S., Pragholapati, A., & Thome, A. L. (2021). Effect of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) on anxiety: a systematic literature review. KnE Life Sciences, 496-507.
- Sahebalzamani, M. (2014). Efficacy of neurolinguistic programming training on mental health in nursing and midwifery students. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(5), 503-507.
- Stipancic, M., Renner, W., Schütz, P., & Dond, R. (2009). Effects of neuro-linguistic psychotherapy on psychological difficulties and perceived quality of life. Counselling and psychotherapy research, 10(1), 39-49.
- Thompson, J., Courtney, L., & Dickson, D. (2002). The effect of neuro-linguistic programming on organisational and individual performance: A case study. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(6), 292–298.
- Tosey, P., & Mathison, J. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming: Its potential for learning and teaching in formal education. Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, University of Hamburg.
- Zaharia, C., Reiner, M., & Schütz, P. (2015). Evidence-based neuro linguistic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(4), 355-363.
参见
[编辑]- 理察‧班德勒
- 約翰‧葛瑞德
- 法蘭克‧普瑟立克
- 羅伯特‧迪爾茨
- 茱蒂絲·狄洛基爾
- 保羅‧麥坎那
- 葛瑞利·貝特森
- 維珍尼亞·撒提亞
- 米爾頓·艾瑞克森
- 思考場療法(TFT)
- 情绪释放技术(EFTs)
- 家庭系统疗法
- 認知語言學
脚注
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Nach Wolfgang Walker, Abenteuer Kommunikation. Bateson, Perls, Satir, Erickson und die Anfänge des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP), Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta: pp. 249, (德文) Walker fasst zusammen aus: Rupprecht Weerth, NLP & Imagination. Grundannahmen, Methoden, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, Paderborn: Junfermann: pp. 7 f., (德文)
- ^ Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane. Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming (PDF). Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey. [12 September 2019]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于3 January 2019).
- ^ Dilts, Robert; Bandler, Richard. Neuro-linguistic Programming: The study of the structure of subjective experience. Meta Publications. 1980: 2 [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-0-916990-07-7. (原始内容存档于2023-11-24) (英语).
- ^ Thomas Witkowski. A review of research findings on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 2012, 9 (1): 29–40.
- ^ Jackie Sturt, Saima Ali, Wendy Robertson, David Metcalfe, Amy Grove, Claire Bourne, Chris Bridle, Neurolinguistic programming: A systematic review of the effects on health outcomes, British Journal of General Practice, 62 (604): pp. e757-e764, (德文)
- ^ Christopher F. Sharpley, Research Findings on Neurolinguistic Programming: Nonsupportive Data or an Untestable Theory?, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34 (1): pp. 103–107, (德文)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Tomasz Witkowski, [czasopisma.pan.pl Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?], Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41 (2): pp. 58–66, (德文)[永久失效連結]
- ^ Richard Wiseman, Caroline Watt, Leanne ten Brinke, Stephen Porter, Sara-Louise Couper, Calum Rankin, The eyes don’t have it: Lie detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming, PLoS One, 7 (7): pp. e40259, (德文)
- ^ John Carey, Richard Churches, Geraldine Hutchinson, Jeff Jones, Paul Tosey, Neuro-linguistic programming and learning: Teacher case studies on the impact of NLP in education, Reading: CfBT Education Trust, (德文)
- ^ Karen Stolznow, Bad Language. Not-so Linguistic Programming, Skeptic, 15 (4): pp. 7 (德文)
- ^ Barry L. Beyerstein, Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age, International Journal of Mental Health, 19 (3): pp. 27–36, (德文)
- ^ von Bergen, C. W.; Gary, Barlow Soper; Rosenthal, T.; Wilkinson, Lamar V. Selected alternative training techniques in HRD. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 1997, 8 (4): 281–294. doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920080403.
- ^ Druckman, Daniel. Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1 November 2004, 34 (11): 2234–2260. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x.
- ^ Kotera, Yasuhiro; Sheffield, David; Van Gordon, William. The applications of neuro-linguistic programming in organizational settings: A systematic review of psychological outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 2019-03, 30 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21334.
- ^ Passmore, Jonathan; Rowson, Tatiana S. Neuro-linguistic-programming: a critical review of NLP research and the application of NLP in coaching. International Coaching Psychology Review. 2019, 14 (1): 57–69 [2022-02-18]. ISSN 2396-8753. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18) (英语).
- ^ Sharpley, Christopher F. Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1 January 1987, 34 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103.
- ^ Bandler, Richard; John, Grinder. The Structure of Magic:A Book about Language and Therapy. Palo Alto, California: Science and Behavior Books. 1975: VII-VIII. ISBN 0-831-40044-7.
- ^ Bandler, Richard. Changing with families : a book about further education for being human. (No Title). [2024-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-10-07) (英语).
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-06).
- ^ http://gatehouse13.com/2011/03/02/the-building-blocks-of-nlp-the-presuppositions/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Building Blocks of NLP: The Presuppositions
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-03).
- ^ http://book.douban.com/review/1170804/#!/i!/ckDefault (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) NLP基本精神:12条前提假设
- ^ Not Ltd v. Unlimited Ltd et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 1981, No. 78482), [1] (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County 29 October 1981).
- ^ NLP Matters. [12 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2001年4月6日).
- ^ Case details for trade mark UK00002067188. 13 June 2013 [110 July 1996]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-08).
- ^ Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair. Appendix A. Whispering In The Wind. J & C Enterprises. 2001. ISBN 0971722307.
- ^ NLP FAQ. 27 July 2001 [14 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-30).
- ^ NLP Comprehensive Lawsuit Response. [14 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-17).
- ^ Trademark Status and Document Retrieval. 13 June 2013 [14 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-05).
- ^ Trademark Status and Document Retrieval. 13 June 2013 [14 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-05).
- ^ Gareth Roderique‐Davies. Neuro‐linguistic programming: cargo cult psychology?. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education: 58–63. doi:10.1108/17581184200900014.
- ^ "at the time of its introduction, NLP was heralded as a breakthrough in therapy and advertisements for training workshops, videos and books began to appear in trade magazines. The workshops provided certification [...] However, controlled studies shed such a poor light on the practice, and those promoting the intervention made such extreme and changeable claims that researchers began to question the wisdom of researching the area further and even suggested that NLP was an untestable theory. [...] NLP is no longer as prevalent as it was in the 1970s or 1980s, but is still practiced in small pockets of the human resource community. The science has come and gone, yet the belief still remains" (Grant Devilly, 2005, p.437).
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