那可拿
那可拿(Narconon)是一個全程住宿式的毒品與藥物康復計劃,在世界各地有幾十個治療中心,主要是在美國,該中心在台灣的註冊名稱為財團法人山達基教會。
每個那可拿中心是生活與教育改善協會授權下,獨立擁有和經營的。[1]。事實上,那可拿是由山達基教會控制,由信徒經營,是山達基的清新擴展計劃的委員之一,幫助建立山達基世界。美國國稅局把那可拿歸立爲山達基有關單位,大約一成收入上獻作爲使用權費用。
山達基以及其附屬組織推出的「民俗療法」及「偏方」在國外引起相當大的爭議。[2][3][4]
山達基以及其附屬組織(以下簡稱本組織)宣稱主流的醫學對於本組織的「偏方」存有偏見,因此那些「鼓吹用藥的醫學專家學者無法相信本組織能提供一種不需服藥就能治百病的療法。」[5] 本組織表示那些對於本組織的詆毀皆是肇因於自身的偏見人格所致。[6]也因此那些人是「藥物濫用的擁護者,不是在吸毒就是在販毒」。[7] 本組織的「旨在脫離藥物使用」的偏方被專家學者形容為「從醫學理論與實務上來說都是危險的、[8]強不知以為知[9][10][11] 以及假醫治、真詐財(medical fraud)[12]」, 醫學界專家也認為本組織的「教育計畫」的內容「毫無醫學知識可言,從基本的藥物對生理、心理的交互作用及藥物濫用都與具有科學實證的醫學證據相違背,其中甚至連用詞都出現張冠李戴的情形」。[13]
在英國、加拿大、德國、法國、俄羅斯及中華人民共和國等国,山達基並沒有宗教地位而被视为營利組織。
那可拿的危險性
[编辑]醫學專家指出,那可拿計劃是可以致死的。亞利桑那州立監獄健康管理員理查德·普拉特在訪問中說:「我擔憂這些療法,特別是桑拿,可以殺人。」[14]
2012年4月17日,加拿大魁北克省下令那可拿三河市中心關門,把32名戒治者遷離。經過魁北克認可中心調查後,當地衛生與社會服務處決定不重新認證那可拿,因為那可拿方法「可能危害戒治者的健康」。[15][16] 衛生與社會服務處主任表示,那可拿治療方法沒有科學依據,中心沒有醫療監督,違反了許多在魁北克省康復中心的標準,對戒治者做成危險,近幾過月最少有四個人因爲那可拿使用的方法而要被送入醫院治療。[17]
2012 年9月,美國加州橙縣的一間使用那可拿方法的診所,被控告疏忽、瀆職、疏於監管。中心職員要原告停止使用醫生給他的精神科藥物處方,他因此試圖自殺,從診所三樓陽台跳下,嚴重受傷。[18]
那可拿中心死亡事件
[编辑]Patrick Desmond,美國喬治亞州,諾克羅斯(2008年)
[编辑]Patrick Desmond是一名前海軍陸戰隊員,因爲酒後駕駛被捕,法庭准許他入那可拿代替入獄。2008年6月11日,他在喬治亞州那可拿中心內死於過量海洛因,死時與管房喝醉了,並有兩名有海洛因毒癮記錄者在場。他家人控告那可拿過失至死和詐騙,只有門診牌照卻騙法庭是住院設施。[19][20][21]
多宗死亡事件,美國俄克拉何馬州,箭頭市(2009-2012)
[编辑]2012年8月,匹茲堡縣警長[22]、俄克拉何馬州心理健康部、俄克拉何馬州調查局[23]開始進行調查箭頭市那可拿中心的死亡事件,三個病人在九個月內死亡。[24][25][26][27][28]
根據山達基教會对那可拿的介绍中所述:“除了是全球最大的住宿型毒品戒治中心之外,箭頭那可拿也是國際訓練中心,訓練戒毒專家。自開幕以來,已在當地提供訓練來自13個國家及美國43州的專業人士。”[29]
Kaysie Dianne Werninck (2009年3月3日)
[编辑]Kaysie父母起訴那可拿,聲稱她的死因是「被告的重大過失」,案件庭外解決。[30]
Gabriel Graves (2011年10月26日)
[编辑]一份當地報紙向俄克拉何馬州心理健康部要求Gabriel的開放記錄,揭露了在中心內有毒品使用和分發。在他的驗屍記錄上,他的死亡原因是「未知」。[31]
Hillary Holten (2012年4月11日)
[编辑]Hillary父母據起訴那可拿,稱她的死亡是由於缺乏醫療照顧,訴訟內容指出,她有「先天性腎上腺增生症」的歷史,需要每天服用地塞米松,在極端的情況下,要注射可的松液,那可拿沒有妥善處理她的健康狀況。[32][33]
Stacy Murphy (2012年7月19日)
[编辑]Stacy的父親說,那可拿人員告訴他,當他的女兒被發現單獨死在「排毒」房間時,她已經兩個半小時沒有受檢查了。 他說:「這是過長了,如果他們認為她吸毒過量,為什麼沒有其他人一直看着她?我們送她到那裡是轉好,而不是死。」[34]
Stacy死亡時同在中心居住的一名病人說:「沒有醫生,沒有員工是護士,沒有這些東西的……工作人員都是前患者……我的理解是,差不多每一個員工都是前病人……他們找不到可以救活Stacy的藥物,或是沒有一個人知道如何用藥。」向警方和媒體交談後,現在他害怕報復:「我怕生命有危險。」[35]
室友Destanie Ramsey,在Stacy死亡之夜打電話報警,為了要離開中心,她說她被關押,違反了她的意願。[36]
對那可拿的指控
[编辑]職員以毒品換性交
[编辑]死在美國俄克拉何馬州箭頭市那可拿中心的Gabriel Graves,死前對母親說過,那裏是他所到過的地方最容易得到毒品之一,有職員用毒品換取與病人性交。一名前病人和一名前職員也說出類似的事件。那可拿代表則強烈否認。Gabriel 也曾對母親說那可拿嘗試使他改信山達基,是整個那可拿的目標。,[37]
Heather Landmeier 在三次不同時間分別到那可拿接受治療,她家人通過律師聲稱,第三次當她毒癮發作時有兩名全職人員給她毒品以換取性交。當Heather被驗出體內有毒品後,於2008年3月5日被踢出俄克拉何馬州箭頭市那可拿中心,而家人卻沒有接到通知。被踢出那可拿數小時後,她在飯店吸毒過量,現在是植物人。她家人提出民事訴訟,律師相信那可拿高管是知情的,但隱瞞這些事件,讓它們繼續發生,隱藏在職員記錄之中。[38]
詐騙醫療保險
[编辑]2013年4月,美國喬治亞州保險業監理專員與地檢處人員突擊搜查當地那可拿中心,保險專員在調查過程中表示:「我們有可靠資料指出,那可拿正在詐騙醫療保險。」一名戒治者家人說那可拿給保險公司的賬單出現從未給予的治 療,而賬單上的醫生說從沒有見過戒治者。[39]
反毒宣導
[编辑]那可拿的反毒宣導因爲滲入了山達基信仰和有不正確資料,在世界各地被拒絕。
那可拿毫無科學基礎地四處宣稱服下的藥物將永遠囤積在人體的脂肪中,但只要去洗三溫暖且使用維他命。醫學專家嚴正駁斥這樣的謬論,藥物並不會儲存在脂肪中就算有也是十分微量的,在統計學上無顯著意義,更不可能透過洗三溫暖「催汗」來代謝藥物。 [40]截至2005年,醫界的共識是:「山達基的所謂健康宣導內容,是毫無任何醫學根據的。」[40]
佛羅里達州
[编辑]1999年,清水灣來的山達基人試圖把那可拿反毒教育計劃實施在皮內拉斯縣學區,經過公聽會後,學區委員會拒絕讓學生參與,他們舉出該反毒計劃基於山達基始創人羅恩·賀伯特的教誨,有情緒階和其它不宜學校的信仰。[41]
加利福尼亞州
[编辑]2004年,那可拿免費提供反毒宣導給州立學校。舊金山記事報在2004年6月9和10日登載了一連串文章後,加州學區官員調查那可拿的主張,發現那可拿計劃沒有反映依據醫學和科學的做法,並對使用和濫用藥物提供誤導性的資料。[42][43] 調查的結果,州督學傑克·奧康奈爾於2005年2月23日正式建議,所有州立學校拒絕那可拿反毒計劃。[44] 加州醫學協會的500名醫生一致通過支持這個決定。[45]
夏威夷州
[编辑]基於加州的調查,夏威夷州教育局不准許那可拿主辦反毒宣導。[46]
英國
[编辑]英國監獄監察員建議監獄長,那可拿康復程序在監獄中不能使用,但也有一些英國學校在採用那可拿反毒宣導。英國星期日泰晤士報說,這是因為學校不知道山達基教會與那可拿的關連。[47] 在2012年9月,經家長投訴後,英格蘭教會在倫敦教區的149間學校被警告不要接受那可拿提供講課給學生。[48]
臺灣
[编辑]新生活教育中心那可拿機構在臺灣的分支,位於花蓮縣壽豐鄉鹽寮村,世界各地收費以美國的三萬三千美元爲期三個月爲標準,根據當地的生活水平調整。 淨耀法師前往美國、墨西哥,實地探訪戒治中心及監獄尋找戒毒方法,1998年引進那可拿的監獄版本可明納(Criminon),在台北監獄進行實驗計畫。墨西哥和臺北的實驗計畫早已終止,在美國監獄從沒有進行。[49][50]
新生活教育中心在花蓮看守所開始推行可明納計劃,在臺灣翻譯爲無犯罪計劃,直至2009年成立無犯罪促進會,專門替受刑人服務。新生活教育中心亦推行那可拿的一套反毒計劃,早期曾經與淨耀法師創立的淨化文化協會合作到學校宣導,事實上現在兩者是沒有關係的機構,反毒宣導也不相同。宣傳和推銷新生活教育中心的機構,先後有2008年成立的那可拿育成顧問社,2013年的中華民國新生活教育推廣協會,還有新生活教育協會等。
支持那可拿反毒之機構
[编辑]南台科大蔡福記教官特別邀請山達基教會一同聯手合作,舉辦一場反毒教育講座活動。[51]
採用教材
[编辑]該促進會所採用的教材稱為無犯罪計畫,是由四個課程所組成的:
那可拿教材並沒有毒品和對成癮者身體影響的基本醫學常識,課程取材自山達基教義,甚至完全相同。
快樂之道提倡真實是相對的,這些相對哲學現今被稱為詭辯,早在二千多年前已被蘇格拉底和他的弟子否定。[52]
快樂之道注重樹立好榜樣,但作者羅恩·賀伯特特違背了多項自己的指引,他有重婚紀錄[53]。根據英國大使館的調查,賀伯特開設了一所模擬大學,給自己不受到任何承認的博士學位[54]。美國軍官協會指控他是多枚紫心勳章的騙子[55]。 1978年,山達基教會的國際「 白雪行動」被揭露,是當時美國有史已來最大的國內間諜事件,罪行包括在聯邦檢察官辦公室和國內稅收服務進行滲透、竊聽、竊取文件。 十一名山達基高層主管被判罪二至六年(包括緩刑),賀伯特妻子也在其中,在加拿大被定罪的還未算在內。賀伯特本人被官方稱為「未被起訴的同謀者」,至死躲 起來,沒有在公眾露面。同年,賀伯特在法國的缺席審訊中被判作弊有罪,監禁四年,罰款三萬五千,他至死也是法國逃犯。[56]
那可拿的溝通單元,是與教會和那可拿的一系列訓練常式相同,例如對煙灰缸大叫多小時要它站起來,旁人會感覺到怪異,其中誘牛常式甚至於鬧上法庭,學員控告那可拿助長口頭性侵。[57]
根據英國報章監護人[58],學習技術在美國少用,只有在賀伯特管理學院及山達基教會學校,他們全都沒有被區域或國家認可。
英國社會學家羅·伊瓦利斯評論說,學習技術是灌輸山達基的一個關鍵因素,用以協助把握教義緩慢的人。其基本原則是,不理解或不同意一篇文章的意義,不是由於文章的錯誤-比如它是荒謬的-而 是因為讀者不理解一個詞或概念。讀者學習懷疑自己的判斷;學習在羅恩賀伯特的寫作中找一點意義,毫無疑問他的作品大部分是神化的; 或學習默許接受一半難以理解的聲明,希望日後一切都會明確化。極端乏味的「清字」,進一步停頓或抑制個人的關鍵思想,並使讀者準備接受,賀伯特的學說本質 是有意義的。[59]
山達基經文戴尼提裏說有2.5%的人類是有反社會人格,因爲沒有足夠的資源打救他們,在山達基世界裏可以把他們默默地除去。而人生低潮如上課程沒有進展,必然是身邊遇到反社會人格者,要把他們找出來隔離,親友也要斷絕。
歷史
[编辑]那可拿成立於66年2月19日,其基礎是羅恩·賀伯特的“思考的原理”一書,為一個毒品康復計劃,用於美國亞利桑那州監獄的吸毒者。那可拿原來不是指一個組織,是指戒毒程序。它的創始人是威廉·貝尼特斯,前亞利桑那州立監獄囚犯,曾犯了與毒品有關連的罪行。[60] 他的工作得到了山達基創始人賀伯特支持,並在1972年創辦那可拿組織。[61] 在1973年,那可拿程序變革,在使用維生素和礦物質補充劑的同時,也用了改編自山達基礎課程的培訓程序。[61]
那可拿與山達基教
[编辑]1988年12月,山達基教會總裁赫柏·延奇,在西班牙被捕,經調查後發現,他和山達基教會詐騙西班牙公民,和在那可拿中心使用不合格的工作人員。[62] 西班牙公民開始频繁的拨打電話至法院,抱怨遭到那可拿蒙蔽。 法官在案件的新聞發布會上說,山達基唯一的上帝的是金錢。他並說,那可拿騙客戶和吸引他們到山達基。[63] 1989年,75個山達基信徒在意大利被逮捕,調查表明,“吸毒者父母付出沉重的月費,但沒有得到任何回報。”[64]
在早期,那可拿直接使用山達基課程,該組織並由山達基人員直接管理。但當記者或政治家提出了那可拿與山達基的聯繫,該組織一再處於爭議的中心。山達基教會不僅是有嚴重的公眾形象問題,那可拿與山達基的聯繫更出現了憲法上的疑問,政府機構贊助宗教附屬組織是不適當的。 當那可拿處理程序被宣稱爲醫學上不健全的,這些爭論進一步加劇,有許多指控那可拿向山達基教會提供了資金籌集和招募計劃。[65][66] 1998年3月1至5日,波士頓先驅報一系列暴露了兩個與山達基相關的團體,那可拿和世界掃盲運動,使用反毒和學習閱讀的計劃,以獲得進入公立學校的機會,而沒有透露他們與山達基的聯繫。[67][68] 在先驅報告發表後,國際山達基的總統赫柏·延奇,證實該教會的洛杉磯律師事務所聘請了一家私人調查公司,調查該系列記者約瑟夫·馬利亞的個人生活,該報導指出多年來,有無數其他事件,在記者們寫故事揭露教會的不端行為之後,受到“噪音調查”的騷擾。[68]
為了針對他們被視作一個教會的營銷工具,那可拿開發出了自己的非宗教教材。這些變化通過了數版本,產生了當前的“新生活程式”。雖然這個程式是非常類似源本的山達基課程,但那可拿堅持認為,這完全是“非宗教”的性質,更幾乎沒有在其出版物上提到山達基。可是,至少有一個那可拿組織介紹自己為FSMs,一個山達基外圍職員的縮寫。[69]
這些變化並未有平息爭議。在1990年代初期,那可拿在俄克拉何馬州紐柯克附近,開設了一個大型治療中心,造成了在當地一家報紙上一系列的批評文章。[70] 俄克拉何馬州衛生署要求批准那可拿中心,[71] 但心理健康委員會拒絕,並指出“沒有科學的、受到良好控制的、獨立的、長期的研究結果,直接和明確地確立那可拿程式的有效性,用於治療對化學藥品的依賴。反而有更可信的證據,證明那可拿的程式無效 ..... 委員會得出結論認為,該程式在醫學上是不安全。”[72] 即使紐約時報也寫了一篇故事,詳細說明這個城市最初的樂觀前景,被不信任、沮喪和恐懼取代了。 市民說那可拿不誠實,沒有明確聲明它與山達基教會的聯繫、資金的籌措、醫療的資格、及工程的計劃。那可拿發言人說,所有的不實報告都來自謊稱的市民而且“他們若不是販賣毒品勾結,便是正在使用毒品。”[73] 那可拿的律師蒂姆·鮑爾斯提出了一系列的法律訴訟,針對俄克拉荷馬州的機構和官員,並最終獲得位於亞利桑那州的評審委員會和康復設施(CARF)的承認。於1992年,俄克拉何馬州的官員同意允許那可拿經營,無需執照。
1999年,山達基在佛羅里達州、清水灣,試圖將那可拿毒品教育計劃,引入皮內拉斯縣學區。 聽證會後,在這個問題上,學校區委員會拒絕讓學生參加這一項反毒品計劃,因為計劃的基礎是山達基創始人羅恩·賀伯特的教誨,在學校教學生什麼“情緒等級表”是不恰當的反毒課程。[74]
参考文獻
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"The conference presented current programs effective in alleviating drug problems. No program which employs drug or electric shock therapy was presented, as it has been discovered that groups which condone these techniques have only been pretending to be effective in drug rehabilitation", said Max Prudente, Scientology spokesman. ... "Based solely on the philosophy and tenets of Scientology, the applied religious philosophy, this program has achieved new and dramatic breakthroughs in the field of drug rehabilitation. Its nearly 85% success ratio has earned high praise from Governors, state and federal officials and correction authorities across the U.S., " Prudente said.
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We talked with Rev. Diana Harris, Pastor of the Church of Scientology of Hawaii ... and she gave us a complete background on the church's social programs for those in need in our community. ... Another community program the church offers is Narconon - a program designed to assist persons to get off drugs and to keep off drugs. The program was utilized in Oahu State Prison for a while and enjoyed a very high rate of success, according to Pastor Harris. They [Scientology] have been asked to consider re-introducing the program to the prison at a later date.
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General information regarding the technology of Scientology, upon which NARCONON is based, can be secured from the Institute of Applied Philosophy
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When Narconon opened its Chilocco facility in 1991, the Oklahoma Board of Mental Health issued a blistering assessment in denying its application for certification. "There is no credible evidence establishing the effectiveness of the Narconon program to its patients," the board concluded. It attacked the program as medically unsafe; dismissed the sauna program as unproven; and criticized Narconon for inappropriately taking some patients off prescribed psychiatric medication.
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Those who want a tan from his celebrity glow will urge a fair hearing for his quackery. Obscure City Councilman Hiram Monserrate suddenly finds himself talked about after issuing a proclamation of huzzahs for L. Ron Hubbard. Three: The Ground Zero maladies are so baffling that workers will try anything. Anyone who feels better will credit any placebo at hand - whether Cruise or the Easter Bunny. In 1991, Time called Scientology's anti-drug program "Narconon" a "vehicle for drawing addicts into the cult" - which the magazine said "invented hundreds of goods and services for which members are urged to give up 'donations' " - such as $1,250 for advice on "moving swiftly up the Bridge" of enlightenment. That's New Age techno-gobbledygook for advice on buying swiftly up the Bridge of Brooklyn. Scientology fronts such as the New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project - its Web site immediately recognizable as the work of Hubbardites by its logo, which looks like the cover of a Robert Heinlein paperback from 1971 - hint that their gimmicks might possibly interest anyone dreaming of weight loss, higher I.Q. or freedom from addiction. And you might be extra-specially interested if you've faced heart disease, cancer, Agent Orange or Chernobyl. As Mayor Bloomberg put it, Scientology "is not science." Nope. It's science fiction.
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A fourth article did not mention Hubbard by name, but reported favorably on Narconon, his drug and alcohol rehabilitation program, which is run by Scientologists.
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About 30 Scientologists were arrested -- and 19 of them later indicted -- between May and October 1990 on charges of fraud, conspiracy to defraud and the illegal practice of medicine following the 1988 suicide of a church member in Lyon, eastern France. ... The sect has often found itself in trouble with officialdom the world over, accused of defrauding and brainwashing followers and, in France, of quackery at its illegal anti-drug clinics called "Narconon."
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Narconon, a subsidiary of Scientology, and the association “Yes to Life, No to Drugs” have also made a specialty of the fight against drugs and treating drug addicts. ... Drug addicts are just one of the Scientologists’ targets for recruitment. The offer of care and healing through techniques derived from dianetics is only a come-on. The detoxification of the patient by means of “dianetics purification” is more a matter of manipulation, through the general weakening that it causes; it is a way of brainwashing the subject. Frequently convicted for illegal practice of medicine, violence, fraud and slander, the Scientologists have more and more trouble getting people to accept their techniques as effective health measures, as they like to claim. They recommend their purification processes to eliminate X-rays and nuclear radiation, and to treat goiter and warts, hypertension and psoriasis, hemorrhoids and myopia. . . why would anyone find that hard to swallow? Scientology has built a library of several hundreds of volumes of writings exalting the effects of purification, and its disciples spew propaganda based on irresponsible medical writings by doctors who are more interested in the support provided by Scientology than in their patients’ well-being. On the other hand, responsible scientific reviews have long since “eliminated” dianetics and purification from the lists of therapies — relegating them to the great bazaar of medical fraud. ... Medical charlatans do not base their claims on scientific proof but, quite to the contrary, on peremptory assertions — the kind of assertions that they challenge when they come out of the mouths of those who defend “real” medicine.
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