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User:AINH/比利·米謝爾

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维基百科，自由的百科全书
比利·米謝爾
米切爾在2014年雙銀河（英语：Twin Galaxies）中
个人资料
出生小威廉·詹姆斯·米切爾
(1965-07-16) 1965年7月16日（58歲）
美國马萨诸塞州霍利奥克
國籍美國
职业生涯
遊戲

小威廉·詹姆斯·米切爾（英語：William James Mitchell），是美國電子遊戲玩家和餐饮家。 他在1980年代街機遊戲黃金時代（英语：golden age of arcade video games）期間舉世聞名。

在1999年，米切爾成為第一個在街機遊戲吃豆人中獲得3,333,360點完美得分的人。[1]雙銀河（英语：Twin Galaxies）和吉尼斯世界紀錄將米切爾列為吃豆人和大金剛等經典遊戲的世界紀錄持有人，並且他還出現在有關電子競技和复古游戏的多部紀錄片中。在2007年紀錄片金剛之王：一手硬幣（英语：The King of Kong）中，在受到新人史蒂夫·維比（英语：Steve Wiebe）的挑戰後，他試圖在大金刚上保持最高分數。[1]

在2018年，雙銀河（英语：Twin Galaxies）成員發現米切爾為《大金剛》提供的影片中存在問題，這表明他可能使用了模擬器來偽造自己的得分[2] 。因此雙銀河（英语：Twin Galaxies）和吉尼斯世界紀錄都判定米切爾的所有記錄無效，但米切爾成功在2020年6月上訴吉尼斯的決定。[2][3]但雙銀河並沒有撤回他們的決定，因此米切爾在2020年對雙銀河提出誹謗訴訟[4]。

此外，米切爾的家人在佛羅里達州好萊塢市和彭布羅克派恩斯經營餐廳。[5][6]

經歷[编辑]

早期生活和第一項記錄[编辑]

米切爾出生於馬薩諸塞州霍利奧克，並在南佛羅里達長大。 他於1983年就讀Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School（英语：Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School），不久就開始在其父母的餐廳Rickey's Restaurant的廚房擔任經理。[7]


在小學時，米切爾成為一名狂熱的彈珠台玩家[7]。米切爾最初對電子遊戲不感興趣，但隨著它們變得越來越流行，“每個人都站在大金剛街機旁，我希望引起眾人的關注”[1]。米切爾在16歲左右開始玩電子遊戲[1]。與同學在吃豆人和大金剛上的友好競爭也激發了他對街機遊戲的興趣[7]。米切爾對大金剛是否有世界紀錄的高分（英语：Donkey Kong high score competition）感到好奇，and reached out to Walter Day（英语：Walter Day） at Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）, at the time a single arcade in Ottumwa, Iowa, that had started tracking such records. Day told him of a record of 1.4 million claimed by Steve Sanders. Knowing it was impossible to achieve the score Sanders had claimed, Mitchell demonstrated that the game had an impassable "kill screen" when he reached level 22, while subsequently setting a high score of 874,300 that stood for more than 18 years.[7] Around this time, Mitchell established a friendship with Robert Childs, who had a business buying and installing arcade cabinets in places like laundromats.[7]

In 1983, Day invited Mitchell along with several other players from the photoshoot to participate in the "Electronic Circus", a 40-city tour where the players would demonstrate their skill at the arcade games at each stop. But the idea fell through and Mitchell and others spent the summer months camping out at Twin Galaxies and competing for high scores on video games, with Mitchell focusing on only a few selected titles.[7] Later that summer, Day founded the U.S. National Video Game Team（英语：U.S. National Video Game Team）, a slimmer version of the Electronic Circus that aimed to make a stop in a major city in each US state, but the inaugural event had many snags.[7] Day continued to bring Mitchell on various trips to confirm high scores reported by players, with Mitchell frequently calling out bluffs.[7] By 1984, Day named Mitchell the Twin Galaxies' player of the year, but due to the 1983 video game crash, Twin Galaxies had to close down its storefront in March 1984, though it still tracked scores. After submitting a record score for BurgerTime in 1985, Mitchell moved away from video games for the next ten years, spending more time at his family's restaurant and eventually taking ownership of it.[7]

Pac-Man challenge[编辑]

Pac-Man was released in 1980. Players had discovered that it too had a type of kill screen: on reaching level 256, half the screen would be filled with nonsense glyphs that made it impossible to complete the level and continue. Following a 1982 claim made by an eight-year-old player of reaching more than 6 million points, which gained national coverage after President Ronald Reagan wrote to congratulate the player,[1] Mitchell worked with his friend Chris Ayra in 1983 to determine that the highest possible score on Pac-Man was 3,333,360, which would require a perfect no-death run and collecting all possible points on the nonsense side of level 256's split-screen, requiring knowledge of where the edible dots were.[7]

In 1999, a group of Canadian players, including Rick Fothergill, were reportedly close to reaching the theoretical high score, leading Mitchell to return to video gaming to try to beat this group to the achievement. On May 8, 1999, Fothergill set the world record, just 90 points short of a perfect score. In response, on July 3, Mitchell achieved the perfect score at an arcade in Laconia, New Hampshire, and set the game's world record as recorded by Funspot and Twin Galaxies. For this, Namco, the makers of Pac-Man, brought Mitchell to Japan for the Tokyo Game Show that year to name him the "Video Game Player of the Century".[7] After returning in November 1999, Mitchell offered $100,000 to the first person who could pass the split-screen level.[8] The prize was not claimed by the January 1, 2000 deadline.

Return to gaming[编辑]

Mitchell (center) with fans on December 19, 2007

In 2004, Mitchell achieved a Donkey Kong high score of 933,900 in front of multiple witnesses at the Midwest Gaming Classic.[9] Writing about Mitchell for the Oxford American（英语：Oxford American） in 2006, David Ramsey described Mitchell as "probably the greatest arcade video game player of all time".[1] In 2005, newcomer Steve Wiebe（英语：Steve Wiebe） attempted to surpass Mitchell's score, an event documented in the 2007 film The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters（英语：The King of Kong）. Wiebe attempted to have Mitchell present at these events to challenge him directly, typically at Funspot（英语：Funspot Family Fun Center） arcades, as public demonstrations of high scores were preferred over video tape. Mitchell had said, "To me, most important is to travel to a sanctioned location, like Funspot, that makes it official; if tomorrow Tiger Woods golfs a 59, big deal. If he does it at Augusta, that's where it counts."[10] Mitchell failed to appear at Wiebe's events, saying he had not played games for half a year and needed to retrain and practice for the competition.[11]

During Wiebe's attempts, he achieved a score of more than one million points on an arcade unit at his home, which was recorded on videotape and initially accepted by Twin Galaxies but later retracted, since Wiebe's unit used an unofficial "Double Donkey Board" that had circuitry for both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. Later in his attempts, Wiebe again managed a high score that beat Mitchell's 2004 record in front of multiple witnesses at a New Hampshire Funspot, which Twin Galaxies accepted. Just hours later, Mitchell submitted his own tape to Twin Galaxies which purported to show him achieving a new high score of 1,047,200, which bested Wiebe's score and which Twin Galaxies accepted as the new official world record. Wiebe and others at the New Hampshire location complained to Twin Galaxies, and eventually Mitchell's score was nullified due to being on tape rather than witnessed, giving Wiebe the record again.[12] After the film's release, Mitchell said he had not expected to be portrayed as a bad person, and that he had received hate mail and badgering phone calls because of the way the film was edited.[12] In addition to the King of Kong, Mitchell appears in several other documentaries during the 2000s and 2010s, including Chasing Ghosts: Beyond the Arcade（英语：Chasing Ghosts: Beyond the Arcade） (2007),[13] The King of Arcades（英语：The King of Arcades） (2014),[14] and Man vs Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler（英语：Man vs Snake） (2015).[15]

On July 26, 2007, on the 25th anniversary of Mitchell's first record-setting performance, Mitchell again retook the Donkey Kong record with a score of 1,050,200.[16] This score was known as the "Mortgage Brokers" score as it was made while Mitchell was attending the annual convention for the Florida Association of Mortgage Brokers.[7] It was surpassed on February 26, 2010, by Hank Chien（英语：Hank Chien）, who temporarily held the record.[17] On July 24, 2010, Mitchell reclaimed the record with a score of 1,062,800 at the Boomers arcade in Dania, Florida.[7] It was the last time he held the record after it was broken by Wiebe later that year and others since then.[18][19][20]

Mitchell placed eighth out of eight in the Microsoft Xbox 360 Pac-Man World Championships on June 4, 2007.[21] In 2008, he became the first video game player on a Topps Allen & Ginter（英语：Topps） trading card.[22]

In 2015, Mitchell filed a lawsuit against Cartoon Network saying that in Regular Show a character who cheats at video games called Garrett Bobby Ferguson (GBF) infringed on his likeness.[23][24] United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Judge Anne Elise Thompson（英语：Anne Elise Thompson） threw out the lawsuit, saying that "the television character does not match the plaintiff in appearance".[25][26][27]

Billy Mitchell and Pac-Man give an approving "thumbs up" at the 2014 Twin Galaxies / Walter Day trading card event at the Icon art gallery in Fairfield, Iowa

Disputed records[编辑]

In August 2017, Jeremy Young, a moderator of the Donkey Kong Forums, expressed concern related to a video posted online by Childs of Mitchell's Boomers score. Mitchell had played both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong, Jr. that day, breaking records for both, but was using the same cabinet for it, with Childs having swapped the circuit board between the runs. The videos did not show the complete record-breaking runs, and Young believed there might have been issues with the board swap. Mitchell and Childs affirmed that some parts of the board-switching were staged, but that that part of the recording was made well after the records had been set on legitimate hardware.[7]

Young continued to investigate the Boomers video as well as the King of Kong and Mortgage Brokers scores, and in early 2018 posted evidence that both scores were made on MAME, arcade-emulated hardware, rather than actual hardware.[7] Young subsequently removed the three scores from the Donkey Kong Forums website for misrepresenting MAME emulation as authentic gameplay.[9] Young's claim was backed up by Wes Copeland, a former holder of the Donkey Kong high score. Based on analysis of the scoring rate and frequencies of the game, he concluded that Mitchell's run showed a statistically unlikely rate of scoring.[9] Further, it was determined that the Boomers and Mortgage Brokers scores were witnessed by Twin Galaxies referee Todd Rogers, who had been accused of submitting fraudulent scores for himself, putting Mitchell's scores in doubt.[7]

Mitchell defended his scores on the East Side Dave Show（英语：East Side Dave） shortly after this charge, saying, "I've never even played MAME. I don’t have MAME loaded in my home."[28] Mitchell added, "The film footage that he has, that Jeremy has, shows MAME play. ... I'm not disputing what he says. What I'm disputing is the fact that I want him to have the original tape."[28] Mitchell also suggested that the tape footage Young had may have been fabricated.[29] Young responded, "The amount of foresight, patience, and technical knowledge required would be staggering" to make such tapes.[28] To support his case, Mitchell said he sent Twin Galaxies recordings of the gameplay from these high-score efforts along with other secondary evidence to deny any cheating.[7]

On April 12, 2018, Twin Galaxies announced that an investigation conducted into Mitchell's submitted scores found conclusive evidence that Mitchell used an emulator for the footage of his two high scores. Twin Galaxies removed all of Mitchell's scores from their records and prohibited him from submitting scores in the future.[30][31] Subsequently, Guinness World Records released a statement that it would remove Mitchell's scores: "The Guinness World Records titles relating to Mr. Mitchell's highest scores on Donkey Kong have all been disqualified due to Twin Galaxies being our source of verification for these achievements." The removal also includes Mitchell's Pac-Man high score and first recorded perfect game: "Twin Galaxies was the original source of verification for these record titles and in line with their decision to remove all of Mr. Mitchell's records from their system, we have disqualified Mr. Mitchell as the holder of these two records."[32]

Mitchell has challenged these removals with his own evidence of the legitimacy of the high scores.[7][33] At the encouragement of his son, Mitchell has used Twitch to broadcast scores that beat his past efforts.[7] Mitchell recreated the perfect Pac-Man score at Funspot in Laconia in July 2019, and took first place at a Donkey Kong tournament in Australia the following month.[7]

The situation between Mitchell and Twin Galaxies has created tension between Mitchell and several of his friends and acquaintances in the video game community.[7] Following requests to both Twin Galaxies and Guinness to restore his records and retract "defamatory statements" about him,[33] Mitchell filed a lawsuit against Twin Galaxies in Los Angeles County in April 2019 for defamation, and filed another defamation lawsuit in Broward County, Florida against Twin Galaxies as well as Young and YouTuber Apollo Legend in May 2020.[34] A first hearing for the Los Angeles County lawsuit against Twin Galaxies was held on October 15, 2020; Twin Galaxies had tried to seek dismissal of the case under California's anti-SLAPP laws, but the judge ruled that Mitchell's claims met the minimal merit to proceed to trial, though ordered Mitchell to cover Twin Galaxies' legal costs as bail bond should they prevail in the case.[35][36] Twin Galaxies filed a counterclaim against Mitchell and Walter Day in November 2020; the claim asserted that Mitchell lacked the necessary skill to achieve the scores, and he and Day conspired to present Mitchell "as the greatest video game player of all time" by knowingly using modified games for Mitchell to achieve the high scores. Twin Galaxies' complaints also assert that the two used their influence on the older Twin Galaxies properties for financial gain which has harmed the current owners of Twin Galaxies.[37]

Guinness World Records announced in June 2020 that after careful review of the past video evidence and other material submitted that it could not find conclusive proof that Mitchell has used any improper methods to achieve his high scores, and restored both Mitchell's Donkey Kong and Pac-Man records. Mitchell had told Ars Technica that Guinness had made the decision back in December 2019, but due to agreements related to prior legal actions he had against Guinness prior to that point, they could not announce it until June 2020.[38]

個人生活[编辑]

米切爾育有三個孩子，與妻子一起住在佛羅里達州韋斯頓。[39]

Notable scores[编辑]

Mitchell set high-score records on several games in the 1980s and 1990s. Since his initial high score in Donkey Kong in 1982 and return to record-breaking attempts between 2004 and 2010, others have matched or surpassed Mitchell's scores. None of these records are considered valid by Twin Galaxies or the Guinness Book of Records.

  • Mitchell and Chris Ayra reached the split-screen level 256 of Pac-Man in mid-1983.[1] In 1999, Mitchell claimed to be the first player to achieve a perfect score of 3,333,360 points.[40]
  • He set the first acknowledged highest overall score on Donkey Kong with 886,900 points in 1982.[1]
  • He set a new record score for Ms. Pac-Man of 703,560 in January 1985, which stood until it was surpassed in 2001 by Ayra.[41]
  • He set a record score for Donkey Kong Jr. of 957,300 in 2004.[42]
  • He set a record score for BurgerTime of 7,881,050 in 1984, which stood until 2005.[42][43]
  • On July 8, 1985, he became the fifth person to achieve a score on Centipede of more than 10 million points in marathon play.[42]
  • He claimed to have recaptured the world records for both Donkey Kong (1,062,800 points) and Donkey Kong Jr. (1,270,900) on the weekend of July 24, 2010.[44] In 2015, both these records were surpassed.[42] The Donkey Kong record was removed by the Donkey Kong Forum in February 2018, which prompted Twin Galaxies to remove the records in April 2018 after an investigation stated Mitchell did not use an original unmodified version of the Donkey Kong arcade hardware but an emulator or other disallowed means.[31] Evidence was presented that the score was falsified.[45] However, Guinness World Records reversed their decision and reinstated Billy Mitchell's previous world records, based on new expert testimonials.[3]

榮譽[编辑]

1984年1月14日，米切爾被雙銀河（英语：Twin Galaxies）和美國國家電子遊戲團隊（英语：U.S. National Video Game Team）評選為1983年「年度電子遊戲玩家」之一[46]。

2006年6月21日，音樂電視網將米切爾評選為「有史以來十大最具影響力的電子遊戲玩家」之一[47]。

參考文獻[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Ramsey, David. The Perfect Man. Oxford American（英语：Oxford American）. Spring 2006 [July 26, 2019]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Crecente, Brian. 'King of Kong' Star Stripped of High Scores, Banned From Competition. Variety. April 12, 2018. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 A statement from Guinness World Records: Billy Mitchell. Guinness World Records. 2020-06-17 [2020-06-17]. 
  4. ^ Twin Galaxies attacks Billy Mitchell as a fraud in new legal claims. Ars Technica. 12/2/2020 （英语）. 
  5. ^ Modell, Josh (February 7, 2008). "The King Of Kong, continued: Donkey Kong champ Billy Mitchell calls The A.V. Club out of the blue". The A.V. Club.
  6. ^ Kernicky, Kathleen. HE PACS A MEAN GAME. Sun Sentinel. July 16, 1999. 
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 Harmon, Josh. The Split-Screen Man. Electronic Gaming Monthly. September 30, 2019 [November 14, 2019]. 
  8. ^ $100,000 Prize Promised to First Video Game Player to Solve Pac-Man's Mysterious "Split Screen". Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. 24 November 1999 [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于22 November 2006）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Donkey Kong scoreboard strips Billy Mitchell's high score claims. Ars Technica. [February 4, 2018] （美国英语）. 
  10. ^ Mitchell's perfect Pac-Man score dropped by Guinness. Laconia Daily Sun（英语：Laconia Daily Sun）. April 17, 2018 [November 15, 2019]. 
  11. ^ Boyer, Crispin. Killing Bill: King of Kong's Nemesis Talks Back: News from 1UP.com. February 4, 2008 [August 21, 2016]. （原始内容存档于May 23, 2011）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Ex-'Donkey Kong' Champ Finally Speaks After Getting Bruised By New Doc. [August 21, 2016]. 
  13. ^ Chang, Justin. Chasing Ghosts: Beyond The Arcade. Variety. February 5, 2007. 
  14. ^ Schoof, Dustin. Arcade owner Richie Knucklez appearing in Bethlehem during 'King of Arcades' screening. Lehigh Valley Live. Advance Local Media LLC. September 10, 2014. 
  15. ^ Tilly, Chris. Man Vs Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler Review - IGN. IGN. November 24, 2018. 
  16. ^ Day, Walter. Man Shatters Donkey Kong World Record Exactly 25 Years After First Setting It in 1982. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. 26 July 2007 [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2009）. 
  17. ^ Plunkett, Luke. Salute Your New King Of Kong. Kotaku (Gizmodo Media Group（英语：Gizmodo Media Group）). 9 March 2010 [August 21, 2016]. 
  18. ^ Bradford, Matthew. BILLY MITCHELL TAKES BACK DONKEY KONG RECORDS. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies） International. August 7, 2010 [August 7, 2010]. （原始内容存档于August 15, 2010）. 
  19. ^ Steve Wiebe regains Donkey Kong World Record from Billy Mitchell. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. 20 September 2010 [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于23 September 2010）. 
  20. ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/robbie-lakeman-sets-new-donkey-kong-world-record-l/1100-6478551/
  21. ^ Ransom-Wiley, James. Chasing pellets: Pac-Man tries to make history again. Engadget (Verizon Media). 7 June 2007 [August 21, 2016]. 
  22. ^ Billy Mitchell Appears on TOPPS Gum Card. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. 3 June 2008 [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于11 May 2009）. 
  23. ^ O'Connor, Brendan. Judge Throws Out Former Donkey Kong Record Holder's Lawsuit Against Cartoon Network. Gawker（英语：Gawker）. November 23, 2015 [November 29, 2015]. （原始内容存档于November 27, 2015）. 
  24. ^ Phillips, Tom. Donkey Kong diva denied in Cartoon Network depiction lawsuit. November 24, 2015 [November 27, 2015]. 
  25. ^ Vanderbilt, Mike. Billy Mitchell loses Regular Show lawsuit, doesn't care as long as he's trending. The A.V. Club. November 24, 2015 [November 27, 2015]. 
  26. ^ Associated Press. Former 'Donkey Kong' record holder's cartoon lawsuit tossed. November 23, 2015 [November 27, 2015]. （原始内容存档于November 28, 2015）. 
  27. ^ Former 'Donkey Kong' record holder's cartoon lawsuit tossed. Associated Press. November 23, 2015 [November 29, 2015]. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Billy Mitchell Breaks Silence About Donkey Kong High Score Controversy. Kotaku. [October 3, 2019] （美国英语）. 
  29. ^ Good, Owen S. The case against an all-time Donkey Kong great, explained. Polygon. February 23, 2018 [February 23, 2018]. 
  30. ^ Dispute Decision: Billy Mitchell's Donkey Kong & All Other Records Removed. Twin Galaxies. The taped Donkey Kong score performances of 1,047,200 (the King of Kong "tape"), 1,050,200 (the Mortgage Brokers score) that were historically used by Twin Galaxies to substantiate those scores and place them in the database were not produced by the direct feed output of an original unmodified Donkey Kong Arcade PCB. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Crecente, Brian. 'King of Kong' Star Stripped of High Scores, Banned From Competition. Variety (Penske Business Media, LLC.（英语：Penske Business Media, LLC.）). April 12, 2018 [19 April 2019]. 
  32. ^ Crecente, Brian. Guinness World Records Disqualifies Billy Mitchell's Perfect 'Pac-Man' Run, Other Achievements. Variety. April 13, 2018 [April 14, 2018] （美国英语）. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Orland, Kyle. Former Donkey Kong champ threatens to sue Guinness over record removal. Ars Technica. September 12, 2019 [September 12, 2019]. 
  34. ^ Orland, Kyle. Billy Mitchell takes his Donkey Kong high-score cheating case to court. Ars Technica. May 4, 2020 [May 4, 2020]. 
  35. ^ Orland, Kyle. Twin Galaxies says Billy Mitchell "flirts with perjury" in high-score case. Ars Technica. July 1, 2020 [July 21, 2020]. 
  36. ^ Orland, Kyle. Billy Mitchell wins the right to take Twin Galaxies to trial. Ars Technica. October 28, 2020 [October 28, 2020]. 
  37. ^ Orland, Kyle. Twin Galaxies attacks Billy Mitchell as a fraud in new legal claims. Ars Technica. December 1, 2020 [December 1, 2020]. 
  38. ^ Orland, Kyle. Guinness reinstates Billy Mitchell's Donkey Kong, Pac-Man records. Ars Technica. June 18, 2020 [June 18, 2020]. 
  39. ^ Bryan, Susannah. South Florida's Billy Mitchell no longer king of Donkey Kong. South Florida Sun Sentinel（英语：Sun-Sentinel）. April 12, 2018 [August 4, 2019]. 
  40. ^ Great Big Story. Meet the Man Who Beat 'Pac-Man'. July 21, 2016 [19 April 2019] –通过YouTube. 
  41. ^ Ms. Pac-Man points records. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于23 June 2017）. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Billy L Mitchell (profile). Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies） International. [August 7, 2010]. （原始内容存档于23 January 2015）. 
  43. ^ Dean, Paul. bryan wagner burgertime world record. spyhunter007.com. 5 September 2005 [March 19, 2011]. 
  44. ^ Bradford, Matthew. BILLY MITCHELL TAKES BACK DONKEY KONG RECORDS. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies） International. August 7, 2010 [August 7, 2010]. （原始内容存档于August 15, 2010）. 
  45. ^ Orland, Kyle. Donkey Kong scoreboard strips Billy Mitchell's high score claims [Updated]. Ars Technica (Condé Nast). February 3, 2018 [February 21, 2018]. 
  46. ^ Harris, Steve. Twin Galaxies' Coronation Day Crowns Video's Best of '83. Twin Galaxies（英语：Twin Galaxies）. 1 February 1984 [19 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于11 March 2007）. 
  47. ^ Totilo, Stephen. Playa Rater: The 10 Most Influential Video Gamers Of All Time. MTV News (MTV.com). 20 June 2006 [August 21, 2016]. 

延伸閱讀[编辑]

外部連結[编辑]

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：AINH/比利·米謝爾



[[Category:1965年出生]] [[Category:美國電玩家]] [[Category:在世人物]] [[Category:马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德人]] [[Category:电子游戏争议]]

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