Antonov An-225 Mriya

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The Antonov An-225 Mriya (烏克蘭語：Антонов Ан-225 Мрія，直译：dream' or 'inspiration; NATO reporting name: Cossack) was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft designed and produced by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

It was originally developed during the 1980s as an enlarged derivative of the Antonov An-124 airlifter for the express purpose of transporting Buran-class orbiters. On 21 December 1988, the An-225 performed its maiden flight; only a single example was ever completed, although a second airframe with a slightly different configuration was partially built. After a brief period of use supporting the Soviet space program, the aircraft was mothballed during the early 1990s. Towards the turn of the century, it was decided to refurbish the An-225 and reintroduced it for commercial operations, carrying oversized payloads for the operator Antonov Airlines. Multiple announcements were made regarding the potential completion of the second airframe, however its construction has largely remained on hold due to a lack of funding. By 2009, it had reportedly been brought up to 60–70% completion.

With a maximum takeoff weight of 640公噸（705短噸）, the An-225 held several records, including heaviest aircraft ever built and largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service. It was commonly used to transport objects once thought impossible to move by air, such as 130-ton generators, wind turbine blades, and diesel locomotives. Additionally, both Chinese and Russian officials had announced separate plans to adapt the An-225 for use in their respective space programmes. The Mriya routinely attracted a high degree of public interest, attaining a global following due to its size and its uniqueness. The only completed An-225 was destroyed in the Battle of Antonov Airport during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 20 May 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced plans to complete the second An-225 to replace the destroyed aircraft.

Development[编辑]

Work on what would become the Antonov An 225 would begin in 1984 with a request from the Soviet government for a large airlifter as a replacement for the Myasishchev VM-T.[1] The specifics of this request included the ability to carry a maximum payload of 231,838公斤（511,116英磅）, both externally and internally, while operating from any runway of at least 3,500米（11,500英尺）. As originally set out, the mission and objectives were broadly identical to that of the United States' Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, having been designed to airlift the Energia rocket's boosters and the Buran-class orbiters for the Soviet space program.[2][1] Furthermore, a relatively short timetable for the delivery of the completed aircraft meant that development would have to proceed at a rapid pace.[1]

The An-225 carrying Buran (1.01) in 1989

Accordingly, the Antonov Design Bureau decided to produce a derivative of their existing Antonov An-124 Ruslan airlifter, although its payload capacity was almost half of what was required.[1] The aircraft was stretched via the addition of fore and aft fuselage barrel sections, while a new enlarged wing centre was designed that facilitated the carriage of an additional pair of Progress D-18T turbofan engines, increasing the total from four to six powerplants. A completely new tail was also required to handle the wake turbulence generated by the bulky external loads that would be carried on the aircraft's upper fuselage.[1] Despite the novelty of its scale, the design of the An 225 was largely conventional.[3] The lead designer of the An-225 (and the An-124) was Viktor Tolmachev.[4]

On 21 December 1988, the An-225 performed its maiden flight.[5][6] It made its first public appearance outside of the Soviet Union at the 1989 Paris Air Show where it was presented while carrying a Buran orbiter.[7] One year later, it performed a flying display for the public days at the Farnborough Air Show. While two aircraft had been ordered, only a single An-225, (registration CCCP-82060, later UR-82060[8]) was finished. It could carry ultra-heavy and oversized freight weighing up to 250,000公斤（550,000磅） internally[2] or 200,000公斤（440,000磅） on the upper fuselage. Cargo on the upper fuselage can be up to 70米（230英尺） in length.[9]

A second An-225 was partially built during the late 1980s for the Soviet space program, however, work on the airframe was suspended following the collapse of the Soviet Union. By 2000, the need for additional An-225 capacity had become apparent; during September 2006, it was decided that the second An-225 would be completed, a feat that was at one point scheduled to occur around 2008. However, the work was subject to repeated delays.[10] By August 2009, the aircraft had not been completed and work had been abandoned.[11][12] In May 2011, the Antonov CEO reportedly stated that the completion of the second An-225, which would have a carrying capacity of 250 tons, requires at least $300 million; upon the provision of sufficient financing, its completion could be achieved in three years.[13] According to different sources, the second aircraft was 60–70% complete by 2016.[14][15][16]

The An-225 at Farnborough in 1990

The revival of space activities involving the An-225 was repeatedly announced and speculated upon throughout its life. During the early 2000s, studies were conducted into the production of an even larger An-225 derivative, the eight-engined Antonov An-325, which was intended to be used in conjunction with Russia's in-development MAKS space plane.[17] In April 2013, the Russian government announced plans to revive Soviet-era air launch projects that would use a purpose-built modification to the An-225 as a midair launchpad.[18][需要更新]


In May 2017, Airspace Industry Corporation of China (AICC)'s president, Zhang You-Sheng, informed a BBC reporter that AICC had first contemplated cooperation with Antonov in 2009 and made contact with them two years later. AICC intends to modernize the second unfinished An-225 and develop it into an air launch to orbit platform for commercial satellites at altitudes up to 12,000米（39,000英尺）.[5] The aviation media cast doubt on the production restart, speculating that the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict would prevent various necessary components that would have been sourced from Russia from being delivered; it may be possible that China could manufacture them instead.[19] That project did not move forward but UkrOboronProm, the parent company of Antonov, had continued to seek partners to finish the second airframe.[20]

On 25 March 2020, the first An-225 commenced a series of test flights from Hostomel Airport near Kyiv, after more than a year out of service, for the installation of a domestically designed power management and control system.[21]

Design[编辑]

Three of six Ivchenko Progress D-18T turbofan engines on the An-225

The Antonov An-225 was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that retained many similarities with the preceding An-124 airlifter that it was derived from. It has a longer fuselage and cargo deck due to the addition of fuselage barrel extensions that were fitted both fore and aft of the wings.[1] The wings, which are anhedral, also received root extensions to increase their span.[22][23] The flight control surfaces are controlled via fly-by-wire and powered by triple-redundant hydraulics.[24] Furthermore, the empennage of the An-225 is a twin tail with an oversized, swept-back horizontal stabilizer, having been redesigned from the single vertical stabilizer of the An-124. The use of a twin tail arrangement was essential to enable the aircraft to carry its bulky external loads that would generate wake turbulence, disturbing the airflow around a conventional tail.[1][17]

The An-225 is powered by a total of six Progress D-18T turbofan engines, two more than the An-124, the addition of which was facilitated by the redesigned wing root area. An increased-capacity landing gear system with 32 wheels was designed, some of which are steerable; these enable the airlifter to turn within a 60-米-wide（200-英尺） runway. Akin to its An-124 predecessor, the An-225 incorporated a nose gear designed to "kneel" so cargo can be more easily loaded and unloaded.[24][25] Additional measures to ease loading and unloading activities included the four overhead cargo cranes that could move along the whole length of the cargo hold, each of which was capable of lifting up to 5,000公斤（11,000英磅）.[26] To facilitate the attachment of external loads, such as the Buran orbiter, various mounting points were present along the upper surface of the fuselage.[25]

The An-225's main landing gear
The nose gear of the An-225

Unlike the An-124, the An-225 was not intended for tactical airlifting and was not designed for short-field operations.[2] Accordingly, the An-225 does not have a rear cargo door or ramp, as are present on the An-124, these features having been eliminated in order to save weight. The cargo hold was 1,300 m3（46,000 cu ft） in volume; 6.4米（21英尺0英寸） wide, 4.4米（14英尺） high, and 43.35米（142英尺3英寸） long[24][27]—longer than the first flight of the Wright Flyer.[28][29][30] The cargo hold, which is pressurized and furnished with extensive soundproofing, could contain up to 80 standard-dimension cars, 16 intermodal containers, or up to 250,000公斤（551,150英磅） of general cargo.[26]

The flight deck of the An-225 is at the front of the upper deck, which is accessed via a ladder from the lower deck.[26] This flight deck is largely identical to that of the An-124, save for the presence of additional controls to manage the additional pair of engines. To the rear of the flight deck is an array of compartments which, amongst other things, accommodate the crew stations for the aircraft's two flight engineers, navigator, and communication specialist, along with off-duty rest areas, including beds, which facilitate long range missions to be flown.[26] Even when fully loaded, the An-225 was capable of flying non-stop across great distances, such as between New York and Los Angeles.[17]

As originally constructed, the An-225 had a maximum gross weight of 600 t（660 short ton）, however, between 2000 and 2001, the aircraft received numerous modifications at a cost of 20美元 million, such as the addition of a reinforced floor, which increased the maximum gross weight to 640 t（710 short ton）.[31][32][33] Both the earlier and later takeoff weights establish the An-225 as the world's heaviest aircraft, exceeding the weight of the double-deck Airbus A380 airliner. Airbus claims to have improved upon the An-225's maximum landing weight by landing an A380 at 591.7 t（652.2 short ton） during testing.[34][a]

Operational history[编辑]

The Antonov Airlines An-225 landing at Hostomel Airport, 2014

The Antonov An-225 Mriya was originally operated between 1988 and 1991 as the prime method of transporting Buran-class orbiters for the Soviet space program.[35] "Antonov Airlines" was concurrently founded in 1989 after it was set up as a holding company by the Antonov Design Bureau as a heavy airlift shipping corporation. This company was to be based in Kyiv, Ukraine, and operate from London Luton Airport in partnership with Air Foyle HeavyLift.[9][36] While operations began with a fleet of four An-124-100s and three Antonov An-12s, the need for aircraft larger than the An-124 became apparent by the late 1990s.[37]

By this time, the Soviet Union was no longer in existence and the Buran programme had been terminated; consequentially, the sole completed An-225 was left unused and without a purpose.[17] As early as 1990, Antonov officials were openly speaking on their ambitions for the aircraft to enter commercial use.[26] Despite this, in 1994, it was decided to put the An-225 into long-term storage.[38][39] During this time, all six of its engines were removed for use on various An-124s, while the second uncompleted An-225 airframe was also stored. As the 1990s progressed, it became clear that there was sufficient demand for a cargoliner even bigger than the An-124. Accordingly, it was decided that the first An-225 would be restored.[24][23]

The aircraft was re-engined, received modifications to modernise and better adapt it to heavy cargo transport operations, and placed back in service under the management of Antonov Airlines.[17] It became the workhorse of the Antonov Airlines fleet, transporting objects once thought impossible to move by air, such as 130-ton generators, wind turbine blades, and even diesel locomotives.[40] It also became an asset to international relief organizations for its ability to quickly transport huge quantities of emergency supplies during multiple disaster-relief operations.[37]

Under Antonov Airlines, the An-225 received its type certificate from the Interstate Aviation Committee Aviation Register (IAC AR) on 23 May 2001.[41] The type's first flight in commercial service departed from Stuttgart, Germany, on 3 January 2002, and flew to Thumrait, Oman, with 216,000 prepared meals for American military personnel based in the region. This vast number of ready meals was transported on 375 pallets and weighed 187.5 tons.[17][42] The An-225 was later contracted by the Canadian and U.S. governments to transport military supplies to the Middle East in support of coalition forces.[37] An example of the cost of shipping cargo by An-225 was over Template:DKK (about €266,000) for flying a chimney duct from Billund, Denmark, to Kazakhstan in 2004.[43]

During 2016, Antonov Airlines ceased cooperation with Air Foyle and partnered with Volga-Dnepr instead. This in turn led to the An-225's blue and yellow paint scheme which was added in 2009.[44][45] When the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the world in early 2020, the An-225 participated in the relief effort by conducting flights to deliver medical supplies from China to other parts of the world.[46][47][48][49]

The aircraft was popular with aviation enthusiasts, who frequently visited airports to view its scheduled arrivals and departures.[50]

Records[编辑]

On 11 August 2009, the heaviest single cargo item ever sent by air was loaded onto the An-225. At 16.23米（53英尺3英寸） long and 4.27米（14英尺0英寸） wide, its consignment, a generator for a gas power plant in Armenia along with its loading frame, represented a payload of 189,980公斤（418,830磅）,[51][52] It also transported a total payload of 247,000公斤（545,000磅） on a commercial flight.[53]

On 11 September 2001, carrying four main battle tanks[24] at a record load of 253.82公噸（279.79短噸） of cargo,[54] the An-225 flew at an altitude of up to 10,750米（35,270英尺）[55] over a closed circuit of 1,000 km（620 mi） at a speed of 763.2 km/h（474.2 mph）.[56][57] During 2017, the hired cost was 30,000美元 (GB£23220) per hour.[5]

On 11 June 2010, the An-225 carried the world's longest piece of air cargo, two 42.1米（138英尺） test wind turbine blades from Tianjin, China, to Skrydstrup, Denmark.[58][59]

On 27 September 2012, the An-225 hosted the highest altitude art exhibition in the world at 10,150米（33,301英尺） above sea level during the AviaSvit-XX1 Aerospace Show at Antonov Airport. The exhibition was part of the Globus Gallery based in Kyiv and consisted of 500 artworks by 120 Ukrainian artists.[60][61]

Destruction[编辑]

Wreckage of the An-225 Mriya from the front, after its destruction during the Battle of Antonov Airport
参见：Battle of Antonov Airport

The aircraft's last commercial mission was from 2 to 5 February 2022, to collect almost 90 tons of COVID-19 test kits from Tianjin, China and deliver them to Billund in Denmark, via Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.[62][63] From there, it returned on 5 February to its base at Antonov Airport in Hostomel,[63] where it underwent an engine swap.[62] On the advice of NATO it was prepared for evacuation, scheduled for the morning of 24 February, but on that day Russia invaded, with the airfield being one of their first targets.[62] A ban on civilian flights was quickly enacted by Ukrainian authorities.[62] During the ensuing Battle of Antonov Airport, the runway was rendered unusable.[62]

On 24 February, the An-225 was said to be intact.[64] On 27 February, a photo was posted on Twitter of an object tentatively identified as the An-225 on fire in its hangar.[65][66] A report by the Ukrainian edition of Radio Liberty stated that the airplane was destroyed during the Battle of Antonov Airport,[67] which was repeated by Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba[68] and by Ukroboronprom, Antonov's parent organisation.[69] The Antonov company initially refused to confirm or deny the reports,[70][67] and said it was still investigating them.[71]

Also on 27 February, a press release by Ukroboronprom[69] stated that the An-225 had been destroyed by Russian forces.[72] Several other aircraft were in the same hangar as the An-225 at the time of its destruction, and were also destroyed or damaged during the battle; these include a Hungarian-registered Cessna 152, which was crushed by the An-225's left wingtip after the latter fell on top of it.[73]

Ukroboronprom said that they planned to rebuild the plane at the Russians' expense.[69] The statement said: "The restoration is estimated to take over 3 billion USD and over five years. Our task is to ensure that these costs are covered by the Russian Federation, which has caused intentional damage to Ukraine's aviation and the air cargo sector."[74][75] The Ukrainian government also said that it would be rebuilt.[75][76]

Aftermath[编辑]

On 1 March, a new photograph, taken since the initial conflict, was tentatively identified as the tail of the aircraft protruding from its hangar, suggesting that it remained at least partly intact, however, further evidence proved to show that the aircraft is inoperable due to the extreme damage it sustained.[77] On 3 March, a video circulated on social media, showing the aircraft burning inside the hangar alongside several Russian trucks, confirming its likely destruction. Nonetheless, Antonov stated again that until the aircraft is inspected by experts, its official status could not be fully known.[78][79] On 4 March, footage on Russian state television Channel One showed the first clear ground images of the destroyed aircraft, with much of the front section missing.[77] Following Russia's withdrawal from northern Ukraine, the second unfinished aircraft airframe was reported to be intact, despite Russian artillery strikes on the hangar housing it at the Antonov factory at Sviatoshyn airfield.[80][81]

Major Dmytro Antonov, the pilot of the An-225, alleged on 19 March 2022 that Antonov Airlines knew that an invasion was imminent for quite some time, but did nothing to prevent the loss of the aircraft. In his YouTube channel, Dmytro accused the management of the company of not doing enough to prevent the destruction of the aircraft, after having been advised by NATO to move the aircraft (ready to fly status) to Leipzig, Germany, in advance.[82][83] Multiple Antonov staff have denied his allegations.[84]

On 1 April, drone footage of Hostomel Airport showed the destroyed Mriya, with the forward fuselage completely burned and destroyed, but with the wings partly intact.[85]

Investigations into rebuilding the An-225 are being undertaken, including the possibilities of cannibalising the second, incomplete An-225, or salvaging the remnants of the first plane to finish the second. However, there are several obstacles to rebuilding. Many of the aircraft's Soviet-made components were from the 1980s and are no longer made. Engineers quote a price of US$350–500 million, although there is uncertainty regarding whether or not it would be commercially viable and worth the cost.[86] However, Andrii Sovenko, a former An-225 pilot and aviation author, said:[86]

It's impossible to talk about the repair or restoration of this aircraft -- we can only talk about the construction of another Mriya, using individual components that can be salvaged from the wreckage and combining them with those that were, back in the 1980s, intended for the construction of a second aircraft.

On 20 May 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced his intentions to complete the second An-225, to replace the destroyed aircraft and as a tribute to all the Ukrainian pilots killed during the war.[87] In November 2022, Antonov confirmed plans to rebuild the aircraft at an estimated cost of $500 million.[88] The company did not state whether parts from the wrecked aircraft and the incomplete airframe would be combined to create a new flying aircraft or where funding might come from.[89]

Former operators[编辑]

When at altitude, the An-225 had distinctive sextuple contrails
 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟
 烏克蘭
  • Antonov Airlines for commercial operations from 3 January 2002, until 24 February 2022, the sole aircraft was destroyed during the Battle of Antonov Airport.

Variants[编辑]

An-224
Original proposal with a rear cargo door. Not built.[90][91]
An-225
Variant without the rear cargo door. One built, second aircraft incomplete.
An-225-100
Designation applied to the An-225 after its 2000 modernization. Upgrades included a traffic collision avoidance system, improved communications and navigation equipment, and noise reduction features.[90][91]
An-325
主条目：Antonov An-325
Proposed enlarged, eight-engined aircraft, specifically designed to launch spacecraft of various purposes into orbit. Initially built for the MAKS program, the An-325 eventually evolved to a joint cooperation between British Aerospace and the Soviet Ministry of Aviation Industry as a part of the Interim HOTOL program.[92] It remains unbuilt.[93]
AKS
Intended to carry the Tupolev OOS air-launch-to-orbit spaceplane; a twin-fuselage design consisting of two An-225 fuselages, with the OOS to be carried under the raised center wing. Multiple engine configurations were proposed, ranging from 18 Progress D-18T turbofans to as many as 40 engines, with placements both above and below the wings.[94][95][96] An alternative design for the AKS was to use entirely new fuselages, each with a single tail.[94] The AKS was deemed unfeasible, and no prototypes were ever built.[94]

Specifications[编辑]

The Antonov An-225 Mriya taking off at Hostomel Airport


参考资料：Antonov's Heavy Transports,[33] and others[24][23][27]

基本信息

  • 机组：6
  • 容量：253.820公噸（559,580英磅）[11]
  • 長度：84米（275英尺7英寸）
  • 翼展：88.4米（290英尺0英寸）
  • 高度：18.1米（59英尺5英寸）
  • 机翼面积：905平方米（9,740平方英尺）
  • 展弦比：8.6
  • 空重：285,000公斤（628,317英磅）
  • 最大起飛重量：640,000公斤（1,410,958英磅）
  • 燃料容量：more than 300,000公斤（660,000英磅） 375,000 L（82,488 imp gal；99,065 US gal）[97]
  • Cargo hold: volume 1,300 m3（46,000 cu ft）, 43.35米（142.2英尺） long × 6.4米（21英尺） wide × 4.4米（14英尺） tall
  • 发动机：6台Progress D-18Tturbofans，每台229.5千牛頓（51,600英磅力）推力

性能

  • 最大速度：850公里每小時（528英里每小時；459節）
  • 巡航速度：800公里每小時（497英里每小時；432節）
  • 航程：15,400公里（9,569英里；8,315海里）with maximum fuel; range with 200 tonnes payload: 4,000 km (2,500 mi)
  • 升限：11,000米（36,000英尺）
  • 翼载：662.9公斤每平方米（135.8英磅每平方英尺）
  • 推重比：0.234

See also[编辑]


相关开发


类似型号


相关列表


Notes[编辑]

  1. ^ The Hughes H-4 Hercules flying boat, also known as the Spruce Goose, had a greater wingspan and overall height, but was lighter (at 113 t empty) and 20% shorter due to the materials used in its construction. The H-4 only flew once and for less than a minute, making the An-225 the largest aircraft in the world to fly multiple times.[24][35]

References[编辑]

Citations[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Fricker 1990, p. 58.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Goebel, Greg. Antonov An-225 Mriya ("Cossack"). The Antonov Giants: An-22, An-124, & An-225. [21 August 2012]. 
  3. ^ Fricker 1990, p. 57.
  4. ^ Volga-Dnepr Group Celebrates 80th Birthday of Legendary Chief Designer of the An-124 and An-225 Transport Aircraft. www.volga-dnepr.com. [12 June 2020]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Borys, Christian. The world's biggest plane may have a new mission. BBC. Pictures by Anton Skyba. 4 May 2017 [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于25 October 2021） （英国英语）. Although the plane, nicknamed 'Mriya' ('Dream') in Ukrainian, is in fine condition, there are very few jobs that call for something so large. And the jobs need to be urgent, if you want to use the An-225 it will cost around $30,000 (£23,220) an hour  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  6. ^ Eisenstein 2003, p. 34.
  7. ^ Fricker 1990, p. 56.
  8. ^ Aviation Photo #1154941: Antonov An-225 Mriya - Antonov Design Bureau. airliners.net. [16 September 2016]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 AN-225 Mriya / Super Heavy Transport. Antonov. [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于28 July 2021）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  10. ^ Antonov An-225 Mriya Aircraft History, Facts and Pictures. Aviationexplorer
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 World's largest aircraft, An-225, emerges to set new lift record. Flightglobal (Flight International). 17 August 2009 [30 September 2009]. （原始内容存档于20 August 2009）. 
  12. ^ The Mriya 2: Pictures. Buran-energia.com. （原始内容存档于18 December 2014）. 
  13. ^ webstudio, TAC. Ukrainian Journal. ukrainianjournal.com. [16 September 2016]. 
  14. ^ Ukraine may finish the construction of second An-225 Mriya transport aircraft – News – Russian Aviation. Ruaviation.Com. [6 April 2012]. 
  15. ^ Trimble, Steven. An-225 revival proposed in new Antonov-China pact. Flightglobal. 31 August 2016 [15 December 2016]. 
  16. ^ Yeo, Mike. Antonov Sells Dormant An-225 Heavylifter Program to China. AINonline. 6 September 2016 [15 December 2016]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Eisenstein 2003, p. 35.
  18. ^ Правительство задумалось о "Воздушном старте". Interfax. 23 April 2013 [29 April 2013] （俄语）. 
  19. ^ Grady, Mary. World's Largest Airplane Back in Play. AVweb. 14 September 2016 [16 September 2016]. 
  20. ^ Beresnevicius, Rytis. Ukraine mulling to complete the second Antonov An-225 Mriya. Aerotime. 3 February 2021 [17 October 2021]. 
  21. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. An-225 returns to flight after modernisation. Flightglobal. 26 March 2020. 
  22. ^ Jackson, Dave. Ask Us - Wing Twist and Dihedral. www.aerospaceweb.org. 2 December 2001. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Antonov An-225 Mriya (Cossack) Heavy Lift Strategic Long-Range Transport". Military Factory, 23 August 2012. Retrieved: 2 August 2020.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 An-225 (An-225-100) "Мрiя". Russian Aviation Museum. 20 October 2001 [31 October 2010]. （原始内容存档于31 October 2015）. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Fricker 1990, pp. 58-59.
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Fricker 1990, p. 59.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Antonov An 225. Air Charter Service. [6 September 2012]. （原始内容存档于15 April 2012）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  28. ^ Exhibitions. si.edu. 28 April 2016 [16 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于25 December 2018）. 
  29. ^ 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality. FAI News. 17 December 2003 [5 January 2007]. （原始内容存档于13 January 2011）. 
  30. ^ Lindberg, Mark. Century of Flight. Wings of History Museum. 2003 [27 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于4 June 2012）. 
  31. ^ Forward, David C. Antonov's Dream Machine. Airways. June 2004: 23. OCLC 1250598428. 
  32. ^ Spaeth, Andreas. When size matters. Air International. December 2009: 29. ISSN 0306-5634. LCCN 74646112. OCLC 1237957535. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Gordon and Komissarov 2004, p. 76.
  34. ^ Learmount, David. Airbus reveals A380-linked pilot systems secrets. Flightglobal (London, UK). 3 June 2009 [9 July 2009]. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Antonov An-225 Mryia (Cossack). The Aviation Zone. [1 July 2011]. 
  36. ^ An-225 Mriya, NATO: Cossack. Goleta Air & Space Museum. [31 March 2004]. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Antonov An-225. Aircraft-Info.net. [15 February 2004]. （原始内容存档于1 April 2004）. 
  38. ^ Antonov An-225 Mriya. Airliners.net.
  39. ^ Fedykovych, Pavlo. World's biggest unfinished plane hidden in a hangar. CNN Travel. 31 August 2018 [1 September 2018] （英语）. 
  40. ^ Oliver, Matt. How Putin wrecked the largest aircraft ever built. The Telegraph. 16 April 2022. 
  41. ^ Type Certificates for Aircraft. [8 January 2007]. （原始内容存档于30 April 2008）. 
  42. ^ Antonov Airlines:An-225 Mriya. airfoyle.co.uk. [10 September 2013]. （原始内容存档于23 May 2006）. 
  43. ^ Steelcon News (PDF). steelcon.com. [13 June 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于16 July 2011）. 
  44. ^ Photo of the An-225 in new paint scheme. Spotters.net. 2009 [30 December 2009]. 
  45. ^ Ingram, Frederick C. Volga-Dnepr Group. answers.com. [24 July 2010]. 
  46. ^ Chase, Steven. World's biggest cargo plane to ship Chinese PPE to Quebec. The Globe and Mail. 27 April 2020 [2 May 2020]. 
  47. ^ Charpentreau, Clément. Antonov An-225 Mriya breaks two records in one week. Aerotime Hub. 20 April 2020 [2 May 2020]. 
  48. ^ Ukraine's Mega-Plane Works Overtime Through Pandemic. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 April 2020 [2 May 2020]. 
  49. ^ Holmes, Loren; Roth, Bill. World's largest cargo plane stops in Anchorage on its way to Canada with medical supplies. Anchorage Daily News. 1 May 2020 [2 May 2020]. 
  50. ^ Antonov An-225 Mriya touches down in WA amid traffic chaos near Perth Airport. WANews.com. 16 May 2016 [9 October 2018]. 
  51. ^ Cargo manifest picture Air Cargo News 13 November 2009. Retrieved: 30 May 2012.
  52. ^ Ukraine's An-225 aircraft sets new record for heaviest single cargo item transported by air. Eye for Transport. 18 August 2009. （原始内容存档于30 April 2012）. 
  53. ^ An-225 sets new record for payload. Flightglobal. 29 June 2004 [2 May 2013]. 
  54. ^ Payload record in the official FAI database. 10 October 2017 [5 October 2022]. 
  55. ^ Height record with 250t payload in the FAI database. [2 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2 February 2014）. 
  56. ^ Speed record with 250t payload over 1000km closed circuit in the official FAI database. [2 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2 February 2014）. 
  57. ^ Special planes: The Antonov-225 "Mriya". European Tribune. 8 April 2006. 
  58. ^ Ukraine's Mriya An-225 aircraft sets new record. Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 11 June 2010 [2 October 2014]. 
  59. ^ Geodis Wilson managed record-breaking airfreight move (新闻稿). SNCF Geodis. 11 June 2010 [2 October 2014]. 
  60. ^ AN-225 "MRIYA". antonov.com. [21 October 2022]. 
  61. ^ Ukraine: Art, Painting, Artists :: ArtBoyko.com. artboyko.com. [21 October 2022]. 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 Ponomarenko, Illia. Chief pilot of destroyed An-225: 'We must complete the second Mriya'. The Kyiv Independent. 15 April 2022 [15 April 2022]. 
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 A tribute to the Antonov AN-225. Flightradar24. 4 March 2022 [15 April 2022]. 
  64. ^ Antonov An-225 Mriya is safe. KEY.Aero. 24 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. 
  65. ^ Breaking Aviation News & Videos [@aviationbrk]. Reports that the unique Antonov An-225, the largest plane in the world is on fire at Hostomel Airport. (推文). 27 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2022） –通过Twitter. 
  66. ^ OSINT_Canada [@canada_osint]. Satellite imagery matches (推文). 27 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2022） –通过Twitter （加拿大英语）. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 У результаті російської атаки згорів найбільший в світі літак «Мрія» [As a result of the Russian attack, the world's largest aircraft "Mriya" burned down]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于28 February 2022） （英语）.  已忽略未知参数|trans-quote= (帮助); 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助); 已忽略未知参数|script-quote= (帮助)
  68. ^ @DmytroKuleba. This was the world’s largest aircraft, AN-225 'Mriya' ('Dream' in Ukrainian). Russia may have destroyed our 'Mriya'. But they will never be able to destroy our dream of a strong, free and democratic European state. We shall prevail! (推文). 27 February 2022 [27 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2022） –通过Twitter. 
  69. ^ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Russians destroy An-225 "Mriya", it will be restored at the expense of the occupant (Press release). UkrOboronProm. 27 February 2022 [1 March 2022]. （原始内容存档于28 February 2022） （英语）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  70. ^ Antonov Defers Comment After Reports Say An-225 Destroyed需要付费订阅. Aviation Week & Space Technology. 27 February 2022 [1 March 2022]. ISSN 0005-2175. OCLC 960324865. （原始内容存档于28 February 2022） （英语）. Ukrainian aircraft maker Antonov deferred comment after multiple officials and news outlets reported that the An-225 Mriya heavy airlifter was destroyed during fighting at an airport near Kyiv  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  71. ^ @AntonovCompany. Update on the information of #AN225 "Mriya" aircraft: Currently, until the AN-225 has been inspected by experts, we cannot report on the technical condition of the aircraft. Stay tuned for further official announcement (推文). 27 February 2022 [27 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2022） –通过Twitter. 
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  74. ^ Guy, Jack. World's largest plane destroyed in Ukraine. CNN. 28 February 2022 [28 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于27 February 2022） （英语）. The enormous aircraft, named 'Mriya,' or 'dream' in Ukrainian, was parked at an airfield near Kyiv when it was attacked by 'Russian occupants,' Ukrainian authorities said, adding that they would rebuild the plane. 'Russia may have destroyed our 'Mriya'. But they will never be able to destroy our dream of a strong, free and democratic European state. We shall prevail!' wrote Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Twitter. There has been no independent confirmation of the aircraft's destruction. A tweet from the Antonov Company said it could not verify the 'technical condition' of the aircraft until it had been inspected by experts.  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助); 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
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  79. ^ @antonovcompany. NO NO NO NO… Currently, until the #AN225 has been inspected by experts, we cannot report on the technical condition of the aircraft. Please wait for the official announcements about the condition of the aircraft #StopRussia #Ukraine (推文). [3 March 2022] –通过Twitter.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
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  97. ^ Jackson 1995, p. 444.

Bibliography[编辑]

External links[编辑]

维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源：Mikelolggmrox/sandbox/an-225（分類）
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image icon An-225 image gallery
image icon Second Antonov An-225 (line no. 01-02) under construction, September 2004
image icon Second Antonov An-225 under construction, August 2008
image icon Second Antonov An-225 under construction, August 2008
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video icon YouTube上的An-225 The worlds biggest planes: Antonov An-225 in comparison with Airbus A380-800, Airbus A340-600 and Boeing 747-400
video icon YouTube上的An-225 Landing in crosswind
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