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菲律賓裔美國人

维基百科，自由的百科全书
菲律賓裔美國人
Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano
紐約的菲律賓獨立日遊行（英语：Philippine Independence Day Parade）
總人口
菲律賓裔美國人人口統計（英语：Demographics of Filipino Americans） 截至2010年超過400萬人[1]
分佈地區
 美国
 加利福尼亚州1,474,707人[2]
 夏威夷州342,095人[3]
 伊利诺伊州139,090人[4]
 德克萨斯州137,713人[5]
 华盛顿州137,083人[6]
 新泽西州126,793人[7]
 纽约州126,129人[8]
 内华达州123,891人[9]
 佛罗里达州122,691人[10]
語言
英语（美国英语、菲律賓英語）[11]
他加祿語 (菲律賓語)[11][12]
伊洛卡诺语、邦阿西楠語、邦板牙語、比科爾語（英语：Bikol languages）、米沙鄢語（宿霧語、希利蓋農語、瓦瑞語、查瓦卡諾語）與其他菲律賓語言
日语、[11]菲律賓西班牙語（英语：Philippine Spanish）、汉语（咱人话、菲律賓華語（英语：Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines））（華裔菲律賓人）[13]
宗教信仰
天主教、新教、佛教、無宗教
相关族群
海外菲律賓人

菲律賓裔美國人（英語：Filipino Americans，菲律賓語：Mga Pilipinong Amerikano）為祖先來自菲律賓的美國人，簡稱Fil-Am，部分人自稱皮諾伊（英语：Pinoy），其歷史可追溯至16世紀[14]，18世紀起美國開始出現菲律賓裔的聚落[15]，1898年美西戰爭後西班牙與美國簽訂巴黎條約，將菲律賓割讓給美國後始有大量菲律賓人移民美國[16][17]。截至2018年，菲律賓裔美國人有約410萬人，在加利福尼亞州、夏威夷州、伊利諾州、德克薩斯州與紐約都會區均有大型聚落[18]。

背景

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路易斯安那聖馬洛（英语：Saint Malo, Louisiana）的菲律賓聚落

菲律賓水手為最早航行至美洲的亞洲人[19]，早在1587年在今加利福尼亞州的莫羅貝即有菲律賓人出現的紀錄[20]。18世紀始有菲律賓裔的小型聚落[21]，1763年西班牙治下的路易斯安那（英语：Louisiana (New Spain)）出現了第一個菲律賓人的長期聚落[22]，在當地被稱為「馬尼拉人」（Manilamen），曾參加1812年戰爭末期的紐奧良戰役[23]。19世紀開始有菲律賓人在牧場工作[24]。1898年美西戰爭後西班牙與美國簽訂巴黎條約，將菲律賓割讓給美國後始有大量菲律賓人移民美國，1904年在聖路易舉辦的世界博覽會（英语：Louisiana Purchase Exposition）中即有展出菲律賓人[25][26]。1920年代又有許多菲律賓的非技術勞工為尋求工作機會而移民美國[27]。

1930年代菲律賓裔的移民潮一度下降，1946年菲律賓獨立（英语：Treaty of Manila (1946)）後，移民至美國的菲律賓人持續增加[28]，《1965年美國移民和國籍法案（英语：Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965）》後移民的菲律賓人大多為專業人士與技術工人[27]。2010年美國人口普查結果顯示全國有約340萬名菲律賓裔美國人[29]，2011年美國國務院估計其人數應為400萬左右，約合美國人口的1.1%[30]，是亞裔美國人中人數次多的，僅次於華裔美國人[31][32]，也是海外菲律賓人中人數最多者[33]。

文化

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菲律賓裔美國人的文化包括西方與東方的許多元素[34]，他們會組成社群團體以維繫家庭般的歸屬感，此為菲律賓文化的特色之一[35]，加州與夏威夷等菲裔較集中的地區有較緊密的社群[36]，有些社群形成了菲裔住宅、商店集中的街區「小馬尼拉（英语：Little Manila）」[37]，如洛杉磯的舊菲律賓城、舊金山的馬尼拉城（英语：Manilatown, San Francisco）[38]、戴利城（約四成人口為菲裔[39]）與周邊城鎮、聖地牙哥的納雄耐爾城（約兩成人口為菲裔）[40]、紐約皇后區的伍德賽德（英语：Woodside, Queens）（約15%人口為菲裔）[41]、紐澤西州的伯根菲爾德（英语：Bergenfield, New Jersey）（約兩成人口為菲裔）[42]、夏威夷歐胡島的懷帕胡（超過一半人口為菲裔[43]，建有菲律賓社區中心（英语：FilCom Center）[44]）等。

菲律賓裔美國人雖來自亞洲，但因曾為西班牙殖民地，有時也被視為（或自我認同為）拉丁裔[45][46]，不過2017年的一項調查顯示僅有約1%的菲律賓裔美國人自認為「西裔」[47]。

語言

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他加祿語在美國各州的使用情形

因菲律賓曾為美國統治，英語為菲律賓的官方語言之一，多數菲律賓人可流利使用英語[48][49]，1990年的亞裔美國人中，菲律賓裔為語言隔閡最小的族群[50]。2003年菲律賓主要的語言他加祿語為美國使用人數排行第五的語言，共有126.2萬人使用[12]，2011年已躍升為排行第四的語言[51]，加州許多公告、文件都有他加祿語的版本[52]，有些中學和大學也設有他加祿語課程[53]。其他菲律賓語言中，伊洛卡諾語為夏威夷除英文外使用人數第三多的語言，僅次於日語和他加祿語[54]，也有些菲律賓裔家庭中使用宿霧語[55]、邦阿西楠語、希利蓋農語、邦板牙語、比科爾語（英语：Bikol languages）與瓦瑞語[56]，不過第二代、第三代的菲裔美國人常會失去菲律賓語言能力[57]。另外還有些华裔菲律宾人，移民后成为华裔美国人，使用漢語（咱人話）或西班牙語（英语：Philippine Spanish）[13]。

宗教

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紐約的聖李樂倫小堂

菲律賓裔美國人宗教(2012)[58]

  天主教（65%）
  新教福音派（12%）
  主流新教（9%）
  無宗教（8%）
  其他基督宗教（3%）
  佛教（1%）
  其他宗教（2%）

菲律賓裔天主教徒初到美國時常難以融入本地的天主教會[59][60]，而建立了許多自己的天主教會[59][61]，如洛杉磯的聖高隆邦菲律賓教堂（St. Columban Filipino Church）[62]與紐約的聖李樂倫小堂（得名自菲律賓第一位被封聖的聖徒李樂倫）[63]。1997年聖母無玷始胎國家朝聖地聖殿中設立了菲裔的禮拜堂[64]。

2010年菲律賓裔天主教徒為美國亞裔天主教徒中最大的群體，占超過75%[65]。2015年65%的菲律賓裔美國人自認為天主教徒（2004年則為68%[66]）[67]，第一代移民比在美國出生者更常參加彌撒[68]。

飲食

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聖地牙哥納雄耐爾城的一家快樂蜂速食餐館

相較於菲律賓裔的人口比例，美國的菲律賓餐館並不多[69][70][71]，餐館不是菲裔族群主要的經濟來源[72]，即使在菲裔比例相當高的夏威夷歐胡島，菲律賓料理都不如其他亞洲料理普遍[73]，有一項研究顯示菲律賓料理很少被列在食物頻率問卷（英语：Food Frequency Questionnaire）中[74]。菲律賓料理不普及的可能原因包括殖民化心态（英语：colonial mentality）[71]、定位不明確[71]、菲裔較習慣在家自煮或偏好其他類型的飲食等[70][75]，不過菲律賓料理仍流行於菲裔族群間[76]，有些為菲裔美國人設立的餐館和雜貨點，如知名的菲律賓速食餐館快樂蜂[69][77][78]。

2010年代起菲律賓餐館逐漸成長。2016年美食雜誌《Bon Appétit（英语：Bon Appétit）》將華盛頓特區的菲律賓餐館Bad Saint（英语：Tom Cunanan）評為全美國第二名的新餐館[79]，2018年《Food & Wine》雜誌將洛杉磯的菲律賓餐館Lasa列為年度最佳餐館之一[80]，美食評論家安德魯·席莫認為菲律賓料理將成為美國料理的「下一波熱潮」（the next big thing）[81]。不過2017年《時尚 (Vogue)》雜誌曾形容菲律賓料理常被誤解與忽略[82]，2019年《SF Weekly（英语：SF Weekly）》雜誌形容菲律賓料理非主流、常被忽視、流行程度起伏不定[83]。

政治

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華府的菲律賓駐美大使館，第二次世界大戰期間曾為菲律賓自由邦流亡政府總部

菲律賓裔美國人（特別是隨第二波移民潮落腳美國者[84]）傳統上為政治保守派[85]，2004年美國總統選舉中投給喬治·沃克·布希者接近投給民主黨候選人約翰·福布斯·凱瑞者的兩倍[86]，但2008年投給巴拉克·歐巴馬者有50%至58%，僅有42%至46%投給共和黨候選人約翰·馬侃[87][88]，是菲律賓裔美國人首次在總統大選中偏向支持民主黨提名的候選人[89]。

因菲律賓裔美國人社群分散，菲裔候選人難以僅靠此族群的選票當選[90]。首位當選公職的菲裔美國人為彼得·阿杜加（英语：Peter Aduja），於1954年當選夏威夷州眾議院議員[91]。近年來菲律賓裔參政人數逐漸增加，本·卡耶塔諾（民主黨籍）於1994年至2002年擔任夏威夷州州長，是首位擔任州長的菲裔美國人[92]；內華達州參議員約翰·恩賽（共和黨籍）有八分之一的菲律賓血統；曾任俄亥俄州眾議員的史提夫·奧地利（共和黨籍）和加州眾議員T·J·考克斯（民主黨籍）也是菲裔美國人，均有一半菲律賓血統[93]。

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