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加沙地带北部全面撤离令

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以色列国防军要求黑线以北地区居民撤离。

2023年10月13日,以色列国防军空投传单,要求加沙地带瓦迪加扎河以北居民向南撤离,范围包括北加沙省加沙省加沙市。以色列军方表示如果加沙居民不向南迁移,就有可能被认定为“恐怖组织同谋”。[1]

联合国闻讯表示关注到以色列军方下令要求24小时内撤离110万人的问题,而以色列军方发言人则未有交代具体期限,但表示以色列国防军明白撤离“需要时间”。[2][3][4]以色列国防部长加兰特呼吁巴勒斯坦人离开加沙北部,包括加沙市,并表示“恐怖分子会伪装成平民百姓,因此,需要他们离开,并表示想拯救自己的人,请往南走。”[5]

截止10月14日,数十万巴勒斯坦人已大规模离开加沙北部。[6]巴勒斯坦人形容是次事件是“第二次灾难日[7]联合国境内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员则谴责强制撤离命令是“危害人类罪和公然违反国际人道主义法的行为”。[8]次日,在百万人迁移之际,以色列政府表示考虑将推迟攻势,并先恢复南部的供水[9]

背景

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巴勒斯坦武装组织哈马斯突然对以色列发动大规模攻击,令紧张局势升级,以色列以一系列对加沙的空袭作为回应。以色列国防军警告北部地区的居民撤离。联合国认为,由于受到影响的人数众多,未能安全执行撤离命令。[10]

反应

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联合国

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联合国发表声明,警告将令110万巴勒斯坦人流离失所,并带来“毁灭性的人道主义灾难”。[11] 在撤离命令发布后,包括联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处在内的联合国机构迁往拉法赫[12][2]

哈马斯

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哈马斯官员拒绝接受有关警告,并敦促受影响地区的居民无视命令,留在家中。[13][14]

国际组织

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无国界医生发表声明,称以色列的撤离命令“令人愤慨”,“是对医疗和人道的攻击”,并“以最强烈的措辞”谴责以色列的命令。[15]

世界卫生组织发布请求书,“呼吁以色列立即撤销加沙地区北部撤离命令”,称转移危重病人极其困难,医疗用品正在枯竭,而且“加沙南部的4家卫生部医院已经超负荷运转”。[16] 联合国儿童基金会亦发表类似声明。[17][18]

战争罪指控

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参与制定奥斯陆协定的挪威前外交官扬·埃格兰将以色列的撤离命令描述为强迫人口迁移。[19]

“强制迁移”是指作为有组织犯罪的一部分,而强迫平民迁移,国际刑事法院将其视为危害人类罪[20]在接受BBC采访时埃格兰德表示,“有成千上万的人在逃命,这不应该被称为撤离,强行转移人口,根据日内瓦公约,是一种战争罪。”联合国特别报告员弗朗西斯卡·艾尔巴尼斯警告加沙地带可能出现大规模种族清洗。[19][21]

以色列历史学家、大屠杀和种族灭绝研究项目斯托克顿大学教授拉兹·西格尔(Raz Segal)称之为“教科书式的种族灭绝案例”。[22]

在以色列宣布撤离令后,一名前以色列军官形容命令是“人道主义撤离”,以尽可能挽救更多生命。[23]

10月15日,以色列军方发言人指责哈马斯试图利用平民作为人盾,并再次呼吁加沙居民撤离到南部。[24]

企图阻止撤离

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攻击

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2023年10月13日,发生多宗针对试图离开加沙北部的爆炸事件,造成70人死亡,其中大多数是妇女和儿童,这与以色列发出撤离令的时间一致。[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

哈马斯发声明,指责以色列轰炸平民。[33] 以色列则指责哈马斯阻止巴勒斯坦人撤离,以便将他们用作“人体盾牌”。

仍然未知爆炸事件的责任方。[34][35]

哈马斯要求居民留守

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10月13日,加沙清真寺广播,要求加沙地区居民不要撤离。[36]

以色列国防军表示,随着数十万巴勒斯坦人开始向南迁移,许多人因哈马斯设置的路障而陷入堵塞。[37]

开放人道主义走廊的国际努力

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国际社会努力为平民开辟一条人道主义走廊,但未能成功达成协议。 埃及参与提供人道主义援助的讨论,但截至10月17日尚未建立任何安全疏散走廊。[38]

参考文献

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