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菲律宾裔美国人

维基百科，自由的百科全书
菲律宾裔美国人
Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano
纽约的菲律宾独立日游行（英语：Philippine Independence Day Parade）
总人口
菲律宾裔美国人人口统计（英语：Demographics of Filipino Americans） 截至2010年超过400万人[1]
分布地区
 美国
 加利福尼亚州1,474,707人[2]
 夏威夷州342,095人[3]
 伊利诺伊州139,090人[4]
 德克萨斯州137,713人[5]
 华盛顿州137,083人[6]
 新泽西州126,793人[7]
 纽约州126,129人[8]
 内华达州123,891人[9]
 佛罗里达州122,691人[10]
语言
英语（美国英语、菲律宾英语）[11]
他加禄语 (菲律宾语)[11][12]
伊洛卡诺语、邦阿西楠语、邦板牙语、比科尔语（英语：Bikol languages）、米沙鄢语（宿务语、希利盖农语、瓦瑞语、查瓦卡诺语）与其他菲律宾语言
日语、[11]菲律宾西班牙语（英语：Philippine Spanish）、汉语（咱人话、菲律宾华语（英语：Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines））（华裔菲律宾人）[13]
宗教信仰
天主教、新教、佛教、无宗教
相关族群
海外菲律宾人

菲律宾裔美国人（英语：Filipino Americans，菲律宾语：Mga Pilipinong Amerikano）为祖先来自菲律宾的美国人，简称Fil-Am，部分人自称皮诺伊（英语：Pinoy），其历史可追溯至16世纪[14]，18世纪起美国开始出现菲律宾裔的聚落[15]，1898年美西战争后西班牙与美国签订巴黎条约，将菲律宾割让给美国后始有大量菲律宾人移民美国[16][17]。截至2018年，菲律宾裔美国人有约410万人，在加利福尼亚州、夏威夷州、伊利诺伊州、德克萨斯州与纽约都会区均有大型聚落[18]。

背景

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路易斯安那圣马洛（英语：Saint Malo, Louisiana）的菲律宾聚落

菲律宾水手为最早航行至美洲的亚洲人[19]，早在1587年在今加利福尼亚州的莫罗贝即有菲律宾人出现的纪录[20]。18世纪始有菲律宾裔的小型聚落[21]，1763年西班牙治下的路易斯安那（英语：Louisiana (New Spain)）出现了第一个菲律宾人的长期聚落[22]，在当地被称为“马尼拉人”（Manilamen），曾参加1812年战争末期的新奥尔良战役[23]。19世纪开始有菲律宾人在牧场工作[24]。1898年美西战争后西班牙与美国签订巴黎条约，将菲律宾割让给美国后始有大量菲律宾人移民美国，1904年在圣路易举办的世界博览会（英语：Louisiana Purchase Exposition）中即有展出菲律宾人[25][26]。1920年代又有许多菲律宾的非技术劳工为寻求工作机会而移民美国[27]。

1930年代菲律宾裔的移民潮一度下降，1946年菲律宾独立（英语：Treaty of Manila (1946)）后，移民至美国的菲律宾人持续增加[28]，《1965年美国移民和国籍法案（英语：Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965）》后移民的菲律宾人大多为专业人士与技术工人[27]。2010年美国人口普查结果显示全国有约340万名菲律宾裔美国人[29]，2011年美国国务院估计其人数应为400万左右，约合美国人口的1.1%[30]，是亚裔美国人中人数次多的，仅次于华裔美国人[31][32]，也是海外菲律宾人中人数最多者[33]。

文化

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菲律宾裔美国人的文化包括西方与东方的许多元素[34]，他们会组成社群团体以维系家庭般的归属感，此为菲律宾文化的特色之一[35]，加州与夏威夷等菲裔较集中的地区有较紧密的社群[36]，有些社群形成了菲裔住宅、商店集中的街区“小马尼拉（英语：Little Manila）”[37]，如洛杉矶的旧菲律宾城、旧金山的马尼拉城（英语：Manilatown, San Francisco）[38]、戴利城（约四成人口为菲裔[39]）与周边城镇、圣地亚哥的纳雄耐尔城（约两成人口为菲裔）[40]、纽约皇后区的伍德赛德（英语：Woodside, Queens）（约15%人口为菲裔）[41]、新泽西州的伯根菲尔德（英语：Bergenfield, New Jersey）（约两成人口为菲裔）[42]、夏威夷欧胡岛的怀帕胡（超过一半人口为菲裔[43]，建有菲律宾社区中心（英语：FilCom Center）[44]）等。

菲律宾裔美国人虽来自亚洲，但因曾为西班牙殖民地，有时也被视为（或自我认同为）拉丁裔[45][46]，不过2017年的一项调查显示仅有约1%的菲律宾裔美国人自认为“西裔”[47]。

语言

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他加禄语在美国各州的使用情形

因菲律宾曾为美国统治，英语为菲律宾的官方语言之一，多数菲律宾人可流利使用英语[48][49]，1990年的亚裔美国人中，菲律宾裔为语言隔阂最小的族群[50]。2003年菲律宾主要的语言他加禄语为美国使用人数排行第五的语言，共有126.2万人使用[12]，2011年已跃升为排行第四的语言[51]，加州许多公告、文件都有他加禄语的版本[52]，有些中学和大学也设有他加禄语课程[53]。其他菲律宾语言中，伊洛卡诺语为夏威夷除英文外使用人数第三多的语言，仅次于日语和他加禄语[54]，也有些菲律宾裔家庭中使用宿务语[55]、邦阿西楠语、希利盖农语、邦板牙语、比科尔语（英语：Bikol languages）与瓦瑞语[56]，不过第二代、第三代的菲裔美国人常会失去菲律宾语言能力[57]。另外还有些华裔菲律宾人，移民后成为华裔美国人，使用汉语（咱人话）或西班牙语（英语：Philippine Spanish）[13]。

宗教

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纽约的圣李乐伦小堂

菲律宾裔美国人宗教(2012)[58]

  天主教（65%）
  新教福音派（12%）
  主流新教（9%）
  无宗教（8%）
  其他基督宗教（3%）
  佛教（1%）
  其他宗教（2%）

菲律宾裔天主教徒初到美国时常难以融入本地的天主教会[59][60]，而建立了许多自己的天主教会[59][61]，如洛杉矶的圣高隆邦菲律宾教堂（St. Columban Filipino Church）[62]与纽约的圣李乐伦小堂（得名自菲律宾第一位被封圣的圣徒李乐伦）[63]。1997年圣母无玷始胎国家朝圣地圣殿中设立了菲裔的礼拜堂[64]。

2010年菲律宾裔天主教徒为美国亚裔天主教徒中最大的群体，占超过75%[65]。2015年65%的菲律宾裔美国人自认为天主教徒（2004年则为68%[66]）[67]，第一代移民比在美国出生者更常参加弥撒[68]。

饮食

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圣地亚哥纳雄耐尔城的一家快乐蜂速食餐馆

相较于菲律宾裔的人口比例，美国的菲律宾餐馆并不多[69][70][71]，餐馆不是菲裔族群主要的经济来源[72]，即使在菲裔比例相当高的夏威夷欧胡岛，菲律宾料理都不如其他亚洲料理普遍[73]，有一项研究显示菲律宾料理很少被列在食物频率问卷（英语：Food Frequency Questionnaire）中[74]。菲律宾料理不普及的可能原因包括殖民化心态（英语：colonial mentality）[71]、定位不明确[71]、菲裔较习惯在家自煮或偏好其他类型的饮食等[70][75]，不过菲律宾料理仍流行于菲裔族群间[76]，有些为菲裔美国人设立的餐馆和杂货点，如知名的菲律宾速食餐馆快乐蜂[69][77][78]。

2010年代起菲律宾餐馆逐渐成长。2016年美食杂志《Bon Appétit（英语：Bon Appétit）》将华盛顿特区的菲律宾餐馆Bad Saint（英语：Tom Cunanan）评为全美国第二名的新餐馆[79]，2018年《Food & Wine》杂志将洛杉矶的菲律宾餐馆Lasa列为年度最佳餐馆之一[80]，美食评论家安德鲁·席莫认为菲律宾料理将成为美国料理的“下一波热潮”（the next big thing）[81]。不过2017年《时尚 (Vogue)》杂志曾形容菲律宾料理常被误解与忽略[82]，2019年《SF Weekly（英语：SF Weekly）》杂志形容菲律宾料理非主流、常被忽视、流行程度起伏不定[83]。

政治

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华府的菲律宾驻美大使馆，第二次世界大战期间曾为菲律宾自由邦流亡政府总部

菲律宾裔美国人（特别是随第二波移民潮落脚美国者[84]）传统上为政治保守派[85]，2004年美国总统选举中投给乔治·沃克·布希者接近投给民主党候选人约翰·福布斯·凯瑞者的两倍[86]，但2008年投给巴拉克·奥巴马者有50%至58%，仅有42%至46%投给共和党候选人约翰·马侃[87][88]，是菲律宾裔美国人首次在总统大选中偏向支持民主党提名的候选人[89]。

因菲律宾裔美国人社群分散，菲裔候选人难以仅靠此族群的选票当选[90]。首位当选公职的菲裔美国人为彼得·阿杜加（英语：Peter Aduja），于1954年当选夏威夷州众议院议员[91]。近年来菲律宾裔参政人数逐渐增加，本·卡耶塔诺（民主党籍）于1994年至2002年担任夏威夷州州长，是首位担任州长的菲裔美国人[92]；内华达州参议员约翰·恩赛（共和党籍）有八分之一的菲律宾血统；曾任俄亥俄州众议员的史提夫·奥地利（共和党籍）和加州众议员T·J·考克斯（民主党籍）也是菲裔美国人，均有一半菲律宾血统[93]。

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