原金梭鱼

原金梭鱼属; 化石时期：89.8–66 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 白垩纪晚期
	原金梭鱼的头颅骨
	原金梭鱼的一种 P. perniciosa
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目：	†厚茎鱼目 Pachycormiformes
科：	†厚茎鱼科 Pachycormidae
属：	原金梭鱼属 Protosphyraena; Leidy, 1857
种
	†闪耀原金梭鱼 P. nitida; †恶毒原金梭鱼 P. perniciosa; †短剑原金梭鱼 P. gladius; †本顿原金梭鱼 P. bentonianum;

原金梭鱼属（学名：Protosphyraena），也叫原魣属，是外型像剑旗鱼的一群已灭绝鱼类，分布范围可能遍布上白垩纪时期的全球海域，其化石在欧洲及亚洲都有发现，但最著名的发现地点是在美国尼奥布拉拉组（Niobrara Formation）的斯莫基山段（Smoky Hill Member）。原金梭鱼的体型很大，全长 2 至 3 米。它们与当时许多的水生爬虫类，如沧龙科及蛇颈龙亚目等动物都一起生活在白垩纪的海洋。其学名的意思是“原始的金梭鱼”，分别由希腊文“早期的”pró̱tos/πρώτος 及金梭鱼的属名 sphyraena 组合而成，当时古生物学家将其误认为是金梭鱼的祖先。近期的研究显示它们与真正的剑旗鱼并非近亲，而是属于今已灭绝的厚茎鱼科。

历史及分类

恶毒原金梭鱼（*P. perniciosa*，图中较大者）与闪耀原金梭鱼（*P. nitida*，图中较小者）

原金梭鱼的分类历史十分混乱。吉迪恩·曼特尔最初于1822年在英格兰发现了它们的胸脊化石。^[1]约瑟夫·莱迪于1857年就将之命名为Protosphyraena ferox。^[2]不过，莱迪自己就于较早前发表了误会属于恐龙的原金梭鱼牙齿。于1870年代，爱德华·德林克·科普就命名了三个物种：Erisichte nitida、"Portheus" gladius及"Pelecopterus" pernicciosus，但其实都是属于原金梭鱼的。^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]1895年及1903年之间，美国及英格兰的古生物学家不断复检此属，令对之有更多的认识。^[7]^[8]^[9]

现时已知有四个原金梭鱼的物种：闪耀原金梭鱼（P. nitida）、恶毒原金梭鱼（P. perniciosa）、P. gladius及P. bentonianum。前三者是于肯萨斯州的尼奥布拉拉白垩层发现，最后者则是在Greenhorn组发现。最古老的原金梭鱼遗骸则是在达科他沙岩（Dakota Sandstone）发现。^[10]

特征

原金梭鱼的整体身形就像现今的旗鱼，但其吻突较短，成年的有像刀的牙齿。原金梭鱼的完整骨骼相对较为稀少，在尼奥布拉拉白垩层、阿拉巴马州的Mooreville白垩层及其他地层就有很多原梭鱼的碎片标本，当中包括很多分离的牙齿、喙部及胸鳍。很多时都会发现分离的头颅骨部份及颅后骨骼。这显示原金梭鱼较难成骨，在被埋葬及化石化前很易被食腐动物撕碎或腐化。^[10]

参考

^ Mantell, G. The fossils of the South Downs; or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Relfe. 1822: xiv + 327 pp.
^ Leidy, J. Remarks on Saurocephalus and its allies. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1857, 11: 91–95.
^ Cope, E. D. On an extinct genus of saurodont fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1873, 24: 280–281.
^ Cope, E. D. On two new species of Saurodontidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1873, 25: 337–9.
^ Cope, E. D. Review of the vertebrata of the Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River. U. S. Geolological Survey of the Territories, Bulletin. 1874, 1 (2): 3–48.
^ Cope, E. D. The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West. Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. 1875, 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office): 302 pp [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-06）.
^ Woodward, A. S. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum. Part 3. London: British Museum of Natural History. 1895: pp. i–xliii, 1–544.
^ Loomis, F. B. Die anatomie und die verwandtschaft der Ganoid-und Knochen-fische aus der Kreide-Formation von Kansas, U.S.A. Palaeontographica. 1900, 46: 213–83.
^ Hay, O. P. On certain genera and species of North American Cretaceous Actinopterous Fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1903, 19: 1–95.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Everhart, M. J. Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. 2005: 323 pp.

Stewart, A. 1900. Teleosts of the Upper Cretaceous. The University Geological Survey of Kansas 6:257-403.

外部链接

Protosphyraena: A Late Cretaceous "Swordfish" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Oceans of Kansas website. Includes detailed taxonomic history, life restorations, bibliography, many photos of fossil remains.
The most complete skeleton of Protosphyraena pernicosa yet found （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, on display at the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center.

[1] Mantell, G. The fossils of the South Downs; or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Relfe. 1822: xiv + 327 pp.

[2] Leidy, J. Remarks on Saurocephalus and its allies. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1857, 11: 91–95.

[3] Cope, E. D. On an extinct genus of saurodont fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1873, 24: 280–281.

[4] Cope, E. D. On two new species of Saurodontidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1873, 25: 337–9.

[5] Cope, E. D. Review of the vertebrata of the Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River. U. S. Geolological Survey of the Territories, Bulletin. 1874, 1 (2): 3–48.

[6] Cope, E. D. The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West. Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. 1875, 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office): 302 pp [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-06）.

[Woodward1895-7] Woodward, A. S. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum. Part 3. London: British Museum of Natural History. 1895: pp. i–xliii, 1–544.

[Loomis1900-8] Loomis, F. B. Die anatomie und die verwandtschaft der Ganoid-und Knochen-fische aus der Kreide-Formation von Kansas, U.S.A. Palaeontographica. 1900, 46: 213–83.

[Hay1903-9] Hay, O. P. On certain genera and species of North American Cretaceous Actinopterous Fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1903, 19: 1–95.

[Everhart2005-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Everhart, M. J. Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. 2005: 323 pp.

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