用戶:憐舟紙月/大肥蘑菇

Agaricus bitorquis
	查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形態特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為凸面或平坦
	子實層自由下垂
	蕈柄有環狀構造
	孢印棕色
	異養腐生真菌
	美味

憐舟紙月/大肥蘑菇
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	傘菌目 Agaricales
科：	傘菌科 Agaricaceae
屬：	傘菌屬 Agaricus
種：	憐舟紙月/大肥蘑菇 A. bitorquis
二名法
	Agaricus bitorquis; (Quél.) Sacc. (1887)

大肥蘑菇 (Agaricus bitorquis) 是蘑菇屬的一種白色可食真菌，類似於市售的雙孢蘑菇。其曾被命名為Agaricus rodmani 。

分類[編輯]

種加詞bitorquis 在拉丁語中意為「有兩個項圈」，指的是菌幕從菌柄的頂部和底部分離而產生的兩個菌環。該物種於1884年由法國真菌學家首次確定並命名為Psalliota bitorquis 。^[1]

描述[編輯]

菌蓋直徑4-15厘米，乾燥、光滑、無鱗片；初半球形，後扁半球形，頂部平或略凹，白色（老熟後變淡黃色），常沾有泥土。菌褶十分稠密，窄，離生；幼時淺粉色，孢子成熟後變暗紅棕色。^[2]孢子印巧克力棕色。菌柄粗壯，長3-11 厘米，直徑1–4 厘米，白色，光滑，圓柱形至棒球棍狀，有膜質菌幕附着，近基部處有厚的白色菌絲包覆。菌環雙層，上層漏斗狀，較厚，下層裙狀，較薄；此即其種加詞「bitorquis」的來源。^[3] 菌肉結實，氣味溫和。

其相似種有：白鱗蘑菇，有鹹味。^[4] 四孢蘑菇，菌環單個，易碎。 ^[5]

顯微特徵[編輯]

擔孢子橢圓形，光滑，尺寸5-7 x 4-5.5 微米。擔子20-25 x 6.5-8.5 µm，通常具有四個孢子，但也常見二孢子擔子。可見許多囊狀體存在。

生長分佈[編輯]

大肥蘑菇可於夏秋季在花園中、路邊或行人路上單生或散生，常見於冬天撒過除雪鹽的地方。 ^[2]子實體可在地面下成熟，從而衝破瀝青路面或擠開磚石縫隙長出。其分佈於北美、^[6]歐洲與亞洲^[7]。

可食性[編輯]

大肥蘑菇是一種受歡迎的食用菌，^[8]具有典型的「蘑菇」風味。由於其常位於地下，野外採集的標本可能含有砂礫。應當注意的是，該物種能夠富集有毒重金屬，尤其是鉛。^[9]

營養分析表明，該物種含有18種氨基酸，包括所有必需氨基酸。^[10]

人工栽培[編輯]

大肥蘑菇於1968年首次得到商業化栽培。^[11] 作為雙孢蘑菇的替代品，大肥蘑菇對各種病毒性疾病的抵抗力更強，^[12] ^[13] ^[14]可以在較高的溫度^[15]和CO₂濃度下生長，^[16]並且具有更好的抗擦傷能力。^[17]此外，經培育的耐高溫菌株可以幫助栽培者克服夏季高溫時栽培室的降溫問題。^[18] ^[19]

另見[編輯]

蘑菇屬物種列表

參考文獻[編輯]

^ the Agaricus bitorquis page. Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. [2022-01-04].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sidewalk Mushroom: Identify via Pictures, Habitat, Season & Spore Print | Agaricus bitorquis. Sidewalk Mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, Ediblewildfood.com. [21 June 2018]. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「auto」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次
^ Knudsen (編). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2018: 603. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.
^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 222–223. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 279. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
^ David Arora. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. 1986: 321. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
^ Asef M.R. Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. 2020: 360. ISBN 9786008351429.
^ Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 220. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
^ Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. Food Chem. 98(2):277-84.
^ Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. Food Chem. 11(1):31-42.
^ Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon "Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc."" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47(3):125–31.
^ Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. Mushroom Sci. 8:131-54.
^ Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 32:262-9.
^ Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of Agaricus bitorquis to mushroom virus disease. The Mushroom J. 47:360–3.
^ Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. Champignon. 130:20–6.
^ Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 96:435-8.
^ Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.
^ Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of Agaricus bitorquis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(8):615-9.
^ Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis) and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. J Mycol Plant Pathol. 31(2):256–7.

外部連結[編輯]

[[Category:北美洲真菌]] [[Category:欧洲真菌]] [[Category:食用菌]] [[Category:伞菌属]]

[SF-1] the Agaricus bitorquis page. Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. [2022-01-04].

[auto-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sidewalk Mushroom: Identify via Pictures, Habitat, Season & Spore Print | Agaricus bitorquis. Sidewalk Mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, Ediblewildfood.com. [21 June 2018]. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「auto」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次

[FungaNordica-3] Knudsen (編). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2018: 603. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.

[4] Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 222–223. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.

[Miller_2006-5] Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 279. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.

[Arora2nd-6] David Arora. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. 1986: 321. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.

[Asef_2020-7] Asef M.R. Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. 2020: 360. ISBN 9786008351429.

[8] Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 220. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

[9] Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. Food Chem. 98(2):277-84.

[10] Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. Food Chem. 11(1):31-42.

[11] Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon "Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc."" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47(3):125–31.

[12] Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. Mushroom Sci. 8:131-54.

[13] Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 32:262-9.

[14] Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of Agaricus bitorquis to mushroom virus disease. The Mushroom J. 47:360–3.

[15] Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. Champignon. 130:20–6.

[16] Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 96:435-8.

[17] Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.

[18] Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of Agaricus bitorquis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(8):615-9.

[19] Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis) and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. J Mycol Plant Pathol. 31(2):256–7.

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