用戶:DoroWolf/沙盒/硫酸亞鐵
| Iron(II) sulfate | |
|---|---|
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-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg)
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| IUPAC名 Iron(II) sulfate | |
| 別名 | Iron(II) sulphate; Ferrous sulfate, Green vitriol, Iron vitriol, Ferrous vitriol, Copperas, Melanterite, Szomolnokite, |
| 識別 | |
| CAS號 | 7720-78-7  17375-41-6 10028-21-4 7782-63-0
|
| PubChem | 24393 62712 62662 |
| ChemSpider | 22804, 56459, 22804 |
| SMILES |
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| InChI |
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| InChIKey | BAUYGSIQEAFULO-NUQVWONBAS |
| UN編號 | 3077 |
| ChEBI | 75832 |
| RTECS | NO8500000 (anhydrous) NO8510000 (heptahydrate) |
| 性質 | |
| 化學式 | FeSO4 |
| 摩爾質量 | 151.91 g/mol (anhydrous) 169.93 g/mol (monohydrate) 241.99 g/mol (pentahydrate) 260.00 g/mol (hexahydrate) 278.02 g/mol (heptahydrate) g·mol⁻¹ |
| 外觀 | White crystals (anhydrous) White-yellow crystals (monohydrate) Blue-green crystals (heptahydrate) |
| 氣味 | Odorless |
| 密度 | 3.65 g/cm3 (anhydrous) 3 g/cm3 (monohydrate) 2.15 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)[1] 1.934 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)[2] 1.895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)[3] |
| 熔點 | 680 °C（953 K） |
| 溶解性（水） | Monohydrate: 44.69 g/100 mL (77 °C) 35.97 g/100 mL (90.1 °C) Heptahydrate: 15.65 g/100 mL (0 °C) 19.986 g/100 mL (10 °C) 29.51 g/100 mL (25 °C) 39.89 g/100 mL (40.1 °C) 51.35 g/100 mL (54 °C)[4] |
| 溶解性 | Negligible in alcohol |
| 溶解性（ethylene glycol） | 6.38 g/100 g (20 °C)[5] |
| 蒸氣壓 | 1.95 kPa (heptahydrate)[6] |
| 磁化率 | 1.24×10−2 cm3/mol (anhydrous) 1.05×10−2 cm3/mol (monohydrate) 1.12×10−2 cm3/mol (heptahydrate)[3] +10200×10−6 cm3/mol |
| 折光度n D |
1.591 (monohydrate)[7] 1.526–1.528 (21 °C, tetrahydrate)[8] 1.513–1.515 (pentahydrate)[1] 1.468 (hexahydrate)[2] 1.471 (heptahydrate)[9] |
| 結構 | |
| 晶體結構 | Orthorhombic, oP24 (anhydrous)[10] Monoclinic, mS36 (monohydrate)[7] Monoclinic, mP72 (tetrahydrate)[8] Triclinic, aP42 (pentahydrate)[1] Monoclinic, mS192 (hexahydrate)[2] Monoclinic, mP108 (heptahydrate)[3][9] |
| 空間群 | Pnma, No. 62 (anhydrous) [10] C2/c, No. 15 (monohydrate, hexahydrate)[2][7] P21/n, No. 14 (tetrahydrate)[8] P1, No. 2 (pentahydrate)[1] P21/c, No. 14 (heptahydrate)[9] |
| 晶格常數 | a = 8.704(2) Å, b = 6.801(3) Å, c = 4.786(8) Å (293 K, anhydrous)[10] |
| 晶格常數 | α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90° |
| 配位幾何 | Octahedral (Fe2+) |
| 熱力學 | |
| ΔfHm⦵298K | −928.4 kJ/mol (anhydrous)[3] −3016 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)[11] |
| S⦵298K | 107.5 J/mol·K (anhydrous)[3] 409.1 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)[11] |
| 熱容 | 100.6 J/mol·K (anhydrous)[3] 394.5 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)[11] |
| 藥理學 | |
| ATC代碼 | B03AA07（B03） |
| 危險性 | |
GHS危險性符號 [6]
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| GHS提示詞 | Warning |
| H-術語 | H302, H315, H319[6] |
| P-術語 | P305+351+338[6] |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
1
0
|
| 致死量或濃度： | |
LD50（中位劑量）
|
237 mg/kg (rat, oral)[12] |
| 相關物質 | |
| 其他陽離子 | Cobalt(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfate |
| 相關化學品 | Iron(III) sulfate |
| 若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。 | |
Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula Fe SO4·xH2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (x = 7) but several values for x are known. The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol (vitriol is an archaic name for sulfate), the blue-green heptahydrate (hydrate with 7 molecules of water) is the most common form of this material. All the iron(II) sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is paramagnetic. The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, and perhaps in analogy, iron(II) and zinc sulfate were known respectively as green and white copperas.[13]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14] In 2020, it was the 116th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.[15][16]
Uses
[編輯]Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, and as such is useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr(III) compounds. Historically ferrous sulfate was used in the textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. It is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of iron gall ink.[17] The preparation of sulfuric acid ('oil of vitriol') by the distillation of green vitriol (iron(II) sulfate) has been known for at least 700 years.
Medical use
[編輯]Plant growth
[編輯]Iron(II) sulfate is sold as ferrous sulfate, a soil amendment[18] for lowering the pH of a high alkaline soil so that plants can access the soil's nutrients.[19]
In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis.[20] Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, its effects are longer-lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years.[21] Ferrous sulfate can be used as a lawn conditioner.[21] It can also be used to eliminate silvery thread moss in golf course putting greens.[22]
Pigment and craft
[編輯]Ferrous sulfate can be used to stain concrete and some limestones and sandstones a yellowish rust color.[23]
Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.
Green vitriol is also a useful reagent in the identification of mushrooms.[24]
Historical uses
[編輯]Ferrous sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the end of the 18th century. Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters (約588–586 BCE) showed the possible presence of iron.[25] It is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters.[26] It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is also made using ferrous sulfate.
Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the 18th century and remained in use well into the 19th century. One of these, known as china blue, involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues of other methods.
In the second half of the 1850s ferrous sulfate was used as a photographic developer for collodion process images.[27]
Hydrates
[編輯]Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature or were created synthetically.
- FeSO4·H2O (mineral: szomolnokite,[7] relatively rare, monoclinic[28])
- FeSO4·H2O (synthetic compound stable at pressures exceeding 6.2 GPa, triclinic[28])
- FeSO4·4H2O (mineral: rozenite,[8][29] white, relatively common, may be dehydration product of melanterite, monoclinic[30])
- FeSO4·5H2O (mineral: siderotil,[1][31] relatively rare, triclinic[32])
- FeSO4·6H2O (mineral: ferrohexahydrite,[2][33] very rare, monoclinic[32])
- FeSO4·7H2O (mineral: melanterite,[9][34] blue-green, relatively common, monoclinic[35])
The tetrahydrate is stabilized when the temperature of aqueous solutions reaches 56.6 °C（133.9 °F）. At 64.8 °C（148.6 °F） these solutions form both the tetrahydrate and monohydrate.[4]
Mineral forms are found in oxidation zones of iron-bearing ore beds, e.g. pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, etc. They are also found in related environments, like coal fire sites. Many rapidly dehydrate and sometimes oxidize. Numerous other, more complex (either basic, hydrated, and/or containing additional cations) Fe(II)-bearing sulfates exist in such environments, with copiapite being a common example.[36]
Production and reactions
[編輯]In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a by-product.[37]
- Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Another source of large amounts results from the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite via the sulfate process.
Ferrous sulfate is also prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite:[38]
- 2 FeS2 + 7 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 FeSO4 + 2 H2SO4
It can be produced by displacement of metals less reactive than Iron from solutions of their sulfate:
- CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
Reactions
[編輯]
Upon dissolving in water, ferrous sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which is an almost colorless, paramagnetic ion.
On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a white anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material decomposes into sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Thermolysis of iron(II) sulfate begins at about 680 °C（1,256 °F）.
![{\displaystyle {\ce {2FeSO_4->[\Delta]Fe_2O_3 + SO_2 + SO_3}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82d206a2a3a6352825e3146103af550b87e77b14)
Like other iron(II) salts, iron(II) sulfate is a reducing agent. For example, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen monoxide and chlorine to chloride:
- 6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2 NO
- 6 FeSO4 + 3 Cl2 → 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 FeCl3
Its mild reducing power is of value in organic synthesis.[39] It is used as the iron catalyst component of Fenton's reagent.
Ferrous sulfate can be detected by the cerimetric method, which is the official method of the Indian Pharmacopoeia. This method includes the use of ferroin solution showing a red to light green colour change during titration.[40]
See also
[編輯]- Iron(III) sulfate (ferric sulfate), the other common simple sulfate of iron.
- Copper(II) sulfate
- Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, also known as Mohr's salt, the common double salt of ammonium sulfate with iron(II) sulfate.
- Chalcanthum
- Ephraim Seehl known as an early manufacturer of Iron(II) sulfate, which he called 'green vitriol'.[41]
References
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Siderotil Mineral Data. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Ferrohexahydrite Mineral Data. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
crc的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 4.0 4.1 Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2nd. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1919: 343.
- ^ Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. iron(II) sulfate. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 來源：Sigma-Aldrich Co., Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate （3 August 2014查閱）.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Ralph, Jolyon; Chautitle, Ida. Szomolnokite. Mindat.org. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Rozenite Mineral Data. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Melanterite Mineral Data. [3 August 2014].
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Weil, Matthias. The High-temperature β Modification of Iron(II) Sulfate. Acta Crystallographica Section E (International Union of Crystallography). 2007, 63 (12): i192 [3 August 2014]. doi:10.1107/S160053680705475X.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. [3 August 2014].
- ^ MSDS of Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Fair Lawn, New Jersey: Fisher Scientific, Inc. [3 August 2014].
- ^ Brown, Lesley. The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. 1993. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
- ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771
. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ The Top 300 of 2020. ClinCalc. [7 October 2022].
- ^ Ferrous Sulfate - Drug Usage Statistics. ClinCalc. [7 October 2022].
- ^ British Archaeology magazine. http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba66/feat2.shtml (archive)
- ^ Why Use Ferrous Sulfate for Lawns?. [14 April 2018] （英語）.
- ^ Acid or alkaline soil: Modifying pH - Sunset Magazine. www.sunset.com. 3 September 2004 [14 April 2018] （美國英語）.
- ^ Koenig, Rich and Kuhns, Mike: Control of Iron Chlorosis in Ornamental and Crop Plants. (Utah State University, Salt Lake City, August 1996) p.3
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Handreck, Kevin. Gardening Down Under: A Guide to Healthier Soils and Plants 2nd. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. 2002: 146–47. ISBN 0-643-06677-2.
- ^ Controlling moss in putting greens by Cook, Tom; McDonald, Brian; and Merrifield, Kathy.
- ^ How To Stain Concrete with Iron Sulfate
- ^ Svrček, Mirko. A color guide to familiar mushrooms. 2nd. London: Octopus Books. 1975: 30. ISBN 0-7064-0448-3.
- ^ Torczyner, Lachish Letters, pp. 188–95
- ^ Hyatt, The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, p. 1067
- ^ Brothers, Alfred. Photography: its history, processes. London: Griffin. 1892: 257. OCLC 558063884.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Meusburger, Johannes. Transformation mechanism of the pressure-induced C2/c-to-P transition in ferrous sulfate monohydrate single crystals. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. September 2019, 277: 240–252. S2CID 197070809. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.06.004.
- ^ Rozenite.
- ^ Meusburger, Johannes. Low-temperature crystallography and vibrational properties of rozenite (FeSO4·4H2O), a candidate mineral component of the polyhydrated sulfate deposits on Mars (PDF). September 2022.
- ^ Siderotil.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Metal-sulfate Salts from Sulfide Mineral Oxidation. pubs.geoscienceworld.org. [2022-11-18].
- ^ Ferrohexahydrite.
- ^ Melanterite.
- ^ Peterson, RC. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Cu CONTENT AND DISTORTION IN THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MELANTERITE FROM THE RICHMOND MINE, IRON MOUNTAIN, CALIFORNIA (PDF). 2003.
- ^ Copiapite.
- ^ Wildermuth, Egon; Stark, Hans; Friedrich, Gabriele; Ebenhöch, Franz Ludwig; Kühborth, Brigitte; Silver, Jack; Rituper, Rafael, Iron Compounds, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005
- ^ Lowson, Richard T. Aqueous oxidation of pyrite by molecular oxygen. Chem. Rev. 1982, 82 (5): 461–497. doi:10.1021/cr00051a001.
- ^ Lee Irvin Smith; J. W. Opie. o-Aminobenzaldehyde. Org. Synth. 1948, 28: 11. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.028.0011.
- ^ https://cpha.tu.edu.iq/images/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86/ASSAY_OF_FERROUS_SULPHATE__ali_hussein-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_1.pdf [裸網址]
- ^ Pryce, William. Mineralogia Cornubiensis; a Treatise on Minerals, Mines and Mining. London: Phillips. 1778: 33.
External links
[編輯]
- Ferrous sulfate. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Product Information. Chemical Land21. 10 January 2007.
Hunt, T. Sterry. Copperas. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
