用戶:Mildwall/2016年航天活動列表
File:File:2016 in spaceflight.jpg Clockwise from top: The first successful landing of a Falcon 9 Full Thrust first stage on an ASDS, HiRISE views the crash site of Schiaparelli on Mars, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft about to be put into its Atlas V 411 payload faring, and JunoCam aboard Juno observes Jupiter during Perijove 3. | |
軌道發射 | |
---|---|
首次 | 15 January |
末次 | 28 December |
總計 | 85 |
成功 | 82 |
失敗 | 2 |
部分失敗 | 1 |
標識符 | 83 |
火箭 | |
處女航 | |
退役 | Falcon 9 v1.1 |
載人航天 | |
軌道 | 5 |
人數合計 | 14 |
Several new rockets and spaceports began operations in 2016. First, Russia inaugurated the far-Eastern Vostochny Cosmodrome on 28 April 2016 with a traditional Soyuz-2.1a flight,[1] before expanding it for the Angara rocket family in the following years. Then the Chinese Long March 7 took off for its maiden flight from the new Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Hainan Island in the South China Sea on 25 June and the maiden flight of the Long March 5 took place on 3 November. Two years after its 2014 accident, the Antares rocket returned to flight on 17 October with its upgraded 230 version featuring the Russian RD-181 engine.
After many failed attempts, SpaceX started landing its Falcon 9 first stages on drone ships, edging closer to their long-stated goal of developing reusable launch vehicles. The company indicated that the recovered engines and structures did not suffer significant damage and they plan to launch a mission with a previously flown booster in January 2017.[2]
The ExoMars mission, a collaboration between the European and Russian space agencies, was launched on 14 March and reached Mars on 19 October.[3] Essentially dedicated to astrobiology investigations, this flight carries the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter which reached Mars orbit and Schiaparelli EDM lander which crashed upon landing. A subsequent flight scheduled for 2020 will carry the ExoMars rover along with four static surface instruments.[4] Meanwhile, the Japanese space probe Akatsuki started its observations of Venus in May[5] after spending five months gradually adjusting its orbit. Planetary exploration activities took center stage with the orbit insertion of NASA's Juno probe at Jupiter on 4 July, which was followed by the launch of NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission to asteroid 101955 Bennu on 8 September. Finally, on 30 September, the Rosetta probe executed a slow crash-landing on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.[6][7]
Manned missions include the return of Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko in March, after a year long mission on the ISS, the longest-ever continuous stay by astronauts at the station. Kelly also set the record for the longest stay of an American in orbit. Four ISS Expeditions numbered 47 to 50 were launched in 2016, the first one using the last Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft and the next three inaugurating the modernized Soyuz MS. Expedition 50 will continue into 2017. Several EVAs were planned to help maintain the exterior of the ISS. The experimental BEAM inflatable habitat was attached to the ISS on 16 April and expanded on 28 May, to begin two years of on-orbit tests. Meanwhile, China launched its new Tiangong-2 space laboratory in September, which was first visited by two astronauts for a month between 19 October and 17 November.
Orbital launches
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日期和時間 (UTC) | 火箭 | 發射場 | 發射服務提供者 | ||||
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有效載荷 | 操作者 | 軌道 | 功能 | 衰減 (UTC) | 結果 | ||
附註 | |||||||
January[編輯] | |||||||
15 January 16:57:04 |
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Belarus | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
17 January 18:42:18 |
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NOAA / EUMETSAT | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Final flight of the standard Falcon 9 v1.1, future flights will use the upgraded Falcon 9 Full Thrust. Falcon 9's first stage performed a soft landing on an Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship in the Pacific Ocean, but the failure of one landing leg to lock into position caused it to fall over and break apart.[8] | |||||||
20 January 04:01:00 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
27 January 23:20:48 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
29 January 22:20:09 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Carries the first laser communication node for the European Data Relay System | |||||||
February[編輯] | |||||||
1 February 07:29:04 |
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
5 February 13:38:00 |
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US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
7 February 00:21:07 |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
7 February 00:30 |
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KCST | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
10 February 11:40:32 |
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NRO | Retrograde LEO | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Spacecraft launched in a retrograde orbit | |||||||
16 February 17:57:40 |
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ESA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
17 February 08:45:00 |
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JAXA / NASA | Low Earth | X-ray astronomy | 在軌 | Spacecraft failure | ||
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Nagoya University | Low Earth | Radiation / Amateur radio | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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MHI | Low Earth | Remote sensing / Space debris monitor | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Kyushu Institute of Technology | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Hitomi malfunctioned after initial checkouts, and is believed to have lost attitude control and snapped off its solar array. As of 28 April, JAXA has abandoned efforts to recover the spacecraft.[11] | |||||||
March[編輯] | |||||||
4 March 23:35:00 |
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SES S.A. | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
High-velocity landing test ended with a hard landing on the Autonomous spaceport drone ship Of Course I Still Love You and destruction of the first stage. | |||||||
9 March 05:20:07 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
10 March 10:31:00 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
13 March 18:56:00 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
The launch succeeded on its second attempt after a rare pad abort the day before. | |||||||
14 March 09:31:42[4] |
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ESA | Areocentric orbit | Mars orbiter | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Martian Surface | Mars lander | 19 October 2016 | Landing failure | ||
Briz-M upper stage exploded after separation, apparently without damaging the orbiter or lander.[12] | |||||||
18 March 21:26:38 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 47/48 | 7 September 2016 01:13 |
Successful | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts. Final flight of the Soyuz TMA-M variant | |||||||
23 March 03:05:52 |
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Orbital ATK / NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 22 June 2016 13:29 |
Successful | ||
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DOST / TU | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Planet Labs | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Spire Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | 8 operational, 1 failed to deploy | ||
Anomaly in the mixture ratio control valve assembly, causing the Atlas V booster engine to cut off five seconds early, resulting in a longer-than-usual Centaur orbital insertion burn.[13] Cubesats deployed from the ISS and the Cygnus spacecraft at a later date. | |||||||
24 March 09:42:00 |
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VKS | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
29 March 20:11:04 |
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CNSA | IGSO | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
31 March 16:23:57 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 14 October 2016 13:39 |
Successful | ||
April[編輯] | |||||||
5 April 17:38:04 |
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CAS | Low Earth | Microgravity Science | 18 April 2016 08:30 |
Successful | ||
8 April 20:43:31 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 11 May 2016 18:31 |
Successful | ||
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Bigelow Aerospace / NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Technology Demonstration / ISS Assembly | 在軌 | Operational | ||
First stage landed successfully on drone ship Of Course I Still Love You for the first time, the second successful landing overall | |||||||
25 April 21:02:13 |
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ESA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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CNES | Low Earth (SSO) | Astrophysics research | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Aalborg | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Polytechnic University of Turin | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Liège | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
28 April 02:01:21 |
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MSU | Low Earth (SSO) | Gamma-ray astronomy | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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SSAU | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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SSAU | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
First orbital flight from Vostochny Cosmodrome | |||||||
28 April 07:20:00 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
May[編輯] | |||||||
6 May 05:21:00 |
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JSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
First stage landed on Of Course I Still Love You droneship, the third successful landing and the first landing with a payload to geostationary transfer orbit. | |||||||
15 May 02:43 |
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CNSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
24 May 08:48:43 |
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
27 May 21:39:00 |
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Thaicom | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
First stage landed on Of Course I Still Love You droneship, the fourth successful landing and the second landing with a payload to geostationary transfer orbit. | |||||||
29 May 08:44:35 |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
30 May 03:17:04 |
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CNSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth imaging | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Satellogic | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth imaging | 在軌 | Operational | ||
June[編輯] | |||||||
4 June 14:00:13 |
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VKS | Low Earth | Geodesy | 在軌 | Operational | ||
9 June 07:10:00 |
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Intelsat / DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
11 June 17:51:00 |
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NRO | Geosynchronous | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
12 June 15:30:04 |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
15 June 14:29:00 |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ABS | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Satellites were successfully delivered to orbit, first stage landing on drone ship failed. | |||||||
18 June 21:38:39 |
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EchoStar | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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BRI | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
22 June 03:56:00 |
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ISRO | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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GHGsat Inc. | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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CSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Terra Bella | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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DLR | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Sathyabama University | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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College of Engineering, Pune | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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LAPAN | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Planet Labs | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
24 June 14:30:00 |
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US Navy | GSO | Communications | 在軌 | Operational in off-nominal but usable orbit[15] | ||
25 June 12:00:07 |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Technology/Test Flight | 26 June 2016 07:41 |
Successful | ||
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NPU | Low Earth | Technology | 29 September 2016 | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | Technology | 27 August 2016 | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Technology | 27 August 2016 | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Technology | 24 August 2016 | Successful | |||
Maiden flight of the Long March 7 rocket and the first launch from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center.[16] | |||||||
29 June 03:21:04 |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
July[編輯] | |||||||
7 July 01:36:40 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 48/49 | 30 October 2016 3:58 |
Successful | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts. Maiden flight of the modernized Soyuz MS spacecraft variant. | |||||||
16 July 21:41:45 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 1 February 2017 18:24 |
Successful | ||
18 July 04:45:29 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 26 August 15:47 |
Successful | ||
Delivering the IDA-2 segment of the NASA Docking System. Second successful return to launch site and vertical landing of a first stage, demonstrated as part of a controlled descent test. | |||||||
28 July 12:37:00 |
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NRO | GSO[17] | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
August[編輯] | |||||||
5 August 16:22:04 |
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CAST | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
9 August 22:55:25 |
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CAST | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
14 August 05:26:00 |
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JSAT | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
15 August 17:40:04 |
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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UPC | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
19 August 04:52:00 |
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Space surveillance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Space surveillance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
24 August 22:16:01 |
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational[19] | ||
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
31 August 18:50:00 |
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CAST | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 31 August 2016 | Launch failure | ||
September[編輯] | |||||||
3 September 07:00–09:00 (scheduled) |
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Launch pad explosion destroyed both the rocket and the satellite two days prior to scheduled launch.[20] | |||||||
8 September 11:20:00 |
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
8 September 23:05:00 |
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NASA | Heliocentric | Asteroid sample return | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Will reach asteroid Bennu in August 2018 | |||||||
13 September 14:38:00 |
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Israel Defense Forces | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Satellite malfunction[21] | ||
15 September 14:04:12 |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Space station | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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SAST | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Second Chinese space laboratory, BanXing 2 deployed 22 October | |||||||
16 September 01:43:35 |
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Peruvian Armed Forces | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Terra Bella | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
26 September 03:42:00 |
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ISRO | Low Earth (SSO) | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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IIT Bombay | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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PES University | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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BlackSky Global | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Algerian Space Agency | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Algerian Space Agency | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Algerian Space Agency | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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UTIAS Space Flight Laboratory | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
October[編輯] | |||||||
5 October 20:30 |
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NBN | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
16 October 23:30 |
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CNSA | Low Earth | Docking with Tiangong-2 | 18 November 2016 06:15 |
Successful | ||
Crewed flight with two astronauts[22] | |||||||
17 October 23:45 |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 27 November 2016 23:36 |
Successful | ||
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Spire Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
CubeSats to be deployed from the ISS and Cygnus spacecraft at a later date | |||||||
19 October 08:05 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 49/50 | 10 April 2017 11:20 |
Successful | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
November[編輯] | |||||||
2 November 06:20:00 |
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JMA | Geosynchronous | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
3 November 12:42 |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of the Long March 5 rocket. Shijian-17 will be a test of electric propulsion. | |||||||
9 November 23:42 |
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | X-ray pulsar-based navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute | Low Earth (SSO) | Stabilization technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
11 November 18:30 |
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DigitalGlobe | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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M42 Technologies | Low Earth (SSO) | Calibration | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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LANL | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Aerospace | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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NASA Orbital Debris Program Office | Low Earth (SSO) | Calibration | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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JHU/APL | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology, Earth Observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
CubeSats deployed after WorldView-4 separation as part of NRO-sponsored ENTERPRISE mission | |||||||
11 November 23:14 |
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SAST | Low Earth | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
17 November 13:06:48 |
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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ESA | Medium Earth | Navigation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
17 November 20:20:14 |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 50/51 | 在軌 | Operational | ||
Manned flight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
19 November 23:42:00 |
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NASA / NOAA | Geosynchronous | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
22 November 15:24:04 |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
December[編輯] | |||||||
1 December 14:52 |
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Roscosmos | Planned: Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 1 December | Launch failure | ||
5 December 13:51:44 |
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Turkish Armed Forces | Low Earth (SSO) | Reconnaissance | 在軌 | Operational | ||
7 December 04:54 |
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ISRO | Low Earth (SSO) | Remote sensing | 在軌 | Operational | ||
7 December 23:53 |
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US Air Force | Planned: Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
9 December 13:26:47 |
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JAXA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 5 February 2017 15:06 |
Successful | ||
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UTokyo | Low Earth | Technology/Re-entry Demonstration | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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GAUSS Srl | Low Earth | TubeSat Deployment/Amateur Radio | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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NTU/Kyutech | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Kagawa University | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Nakashimada Engineering Works/Tohoku University | Low Earth | Technology | 5 February 2017 | Successful | ||
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University of Tsukuba | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Waseda University | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Open Space Network | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Escola Municipal Presidente Tancredo de Almeida Neves/INPE | Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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SJSU/UI | Planned: Low Earth | Technology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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Spire Global | Planned: Low Earth | AIS | 在軌 | Operational | ||
CubeSats to be deployed at a later date. Tancredo-1 and OSNSAT are carried inside TuPOD and to be deployed from it. STARS-C was deployed on 19 December 2016. ITF-2, WASEDA-SAT3, FREEDOM, EGG, AOBA-Velox III, and TuPOD were deployed on 16 January 2017.[25] Tancredo-1 and OSNSAT were released from TuPOD on 19 January 2017.[26] Lemur-2 and TechEdSat-5 were deployed on 6-7 March 2017.[27][28][29] | |||||||
10 December 16:11:00 |
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CMA | Planned: Geosynchronous | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
15 December 13:37:21 |
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NASA | Low Earth | Meteorology | 在軌 | Operational | ||
18 December 19:13 |
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HughesNet | Planned: Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
20 December 11:00 |
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JAXA | Medium Earth (elliptical) | Magnetospherics | 在軌 | Operational | ||
21 December 19:22 |
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Operational | ||
21 December 20:30 |
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Star One | Planned: Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
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JSAT | Planned: Geosynchronous | Communications | 在軌 | Operational | ||
28 December 03:23:56 |
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Beijing Space View Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
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Beijing Space View Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | 在軌 | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
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China Association for Science and Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology | 在軌 | Partial launch failure Operational | ||
Launch vehicle problem deployed satellites in a lower than planned orbit. SuperView satellites raising their own orbits, but CubeSats cannot so may have short lifespan[31] |
← 一月 • 二月 • 三月 • 四月 • 五月 • 六月 • 七月 • 八月 • 九月 • 十月 • 十一月 • 十二月 → |
Suborbital flights
[編輯]日期和時間 (UTC) | 火箭 | 發射場 | 發射服務提供者 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效載荷 | 操作者 | 軌道 | 功能 | 衰減 (UTC) | 結果 | ||
附註 | |||||||
15 January 03:00:00 |
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TPU / TU / TU / KU / JAXA | Suborbital | Ionospheric research | 15 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 161公里(100英里)[32] | |||||||
22 January | ![]() |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 101.7公里(63.2英里)[33] | |||||||
23 January 08:30 |
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DLR / ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 23 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 252公里(157英里) | |||||||
28 January | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 28 January | Successful | |||
Apogee: 300公里(190英里), CTV-02+ target | |||||||
28 January | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 28 January | Successful | |||
CTV-02+, successful test flight, the CE-II kill vehicle performed scripted maneuvers to demonstrate performance of alternate divert thrusters. Upon entering terminal phase, the kill vehicle initiated a planned burn sequence to evaluate the alternate divert thrusters until fuel was exhausted, intentionally precluding an intercept. | |||||||
2 February 21:09 |
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SSC | Suborbital | Technology | 2 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 138公里(86英里) | |||||||
21 February 07:34 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 21 February | Successful | |||
GT217GM, Apogee: ~1,300公里(810英里) ? | |||||||
22 February 04:15 |
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LASP | Suborbital | Astronomy | 22 February | Successful | ||
Apogee: 309公里(192英里) | |||||||
26 February 07:01 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 February | Successful | |||
GT218GM, Apogee: ~1,300公里(810英里) ? | |||||||
1 March 14:50 |
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West Virginia University | Suborbital | Technology experiments | 1 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~185 kilometers (115 mi)[34] | |||||||
7 March 12:05 |
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NASA Ames | Suborbital | Technology experiment | 7 March | Successful | ||
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Montana State University | Suborbital | Technology experiment | 7 March | Successful | ||
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Controlled Dynamics | Suborbital | Technology experiment | 7 March | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~159 kilometers (99 mi) | |||||||
14 March | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 14 March | Successful | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 52 | |||||||
15 March | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 March | Successful | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 52 | |||||||
16 March | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 16 March | Successful | |||
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 52 | |||||||
2 April 15:18 |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 2 April | Successful | ||
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Southwest Research Institute | Suborbital | Microgravity experiment | 2 April | Successful | ||
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University of Central Florida | Suborbital | Microgravity experiment | 2 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 103.8 kilometers (64.5 mi). Third successful booster landing of the same rocket.[35] | |||||||
26 April 17:00 |
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CSSAR | Suborbital | Environment monitoring | 26 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 316公里(196英里) | |||||||
18 May 00:45 |
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DSTO | Suborbital | Technology | 18 May | Successful | ||
Apogee: 278公里(173英里) | |||||||
18 May 07:02 |
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MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 18 May | Successful | |||
Medium Range Ballistic Missile Target, Aegis radar target FTX-21, apogee: 300公里(190英里)? | |||||||
25 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 25 May | Successful | |||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里)? | |||||||
26 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 May | Successful | |||
Apogee: 100公里(62英里)? | |||||||
1 June 19:00 |
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CU Boulder | Suborbital | SDO calibration | 1 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 290公里(180英里) | |||||||
19 June 14:35 |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 19 June | Successful | ||
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Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | Suborbital | Microgravity experiment | 19 June | Successful | ||
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Louisiana State University | Suborbital | Microgravity experiment | 19 June | Successful | ||
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Braunschweig University of Technology | Suborbital | Microgravity experiment | 19 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 101 kilometers (62.8 mi). Fourth successful booster landing of the same rocket. | |||||||
24 June 10:06 |
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CU Boulder | Suborbital | Student experiments | 24 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~119公里(74英里) | |||||||
30 June 09:43 |
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Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Atmospheric Science | 30 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 115公里(71英里) | |||||||
1 July 07:18 |
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DGA/Marine nationale | Suborbital | Test flight | 1 July | Successful | |||
Apogee: 1,000公里(620英里)? | |||||||
8 July 13:01 |
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Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Atmospheric Science | 8 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 117公里(73英里) | |||||||
19 July 04:05 |
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DLR | Suborbital | Technology | 19 July | Successful | ||
Apogee: 182公里(113英里) | |||||||
27 July 18:26 |
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NASA/MSFC | Suborbital | Solar research | 27 July | Spacecraft failure | ||
Apogee: 250公里(160英里) | |||||||
17 August 11:33 |
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University of Colorado Boulder | Suborbital | Student Research | 17 August | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~153公里(95英里) | |||||||
25 August | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 August | Launch failure | |||
31 August | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 August | Successful | |||
5 September 09:10 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 5 September | Successful | |||
GT219GM, Apogee: ~1,300公里(810英里) ? | |||||||
9 September | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 September | Successful | |||
27 September | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Successful | |||
27 September | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Launch failure? | |||
The second missile self destroyed "after completing the first phase of the flight", maybe intentional. It appears to be a normal practice in salvo launches. The missile probably carried mockups instead of working upper stages and warheads to save money. | |||||||
5 October 15:37 |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 5 October | Successful | ||
In-flight escape test 45 seconds after launch. Booster unexpectedly survived and reached an apogee of 93.7公里(58.2英里) before completing its fifth successful landing. | |||||||
12 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 October | Successful | |||
12 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 October | Successful | |||
12 October | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 October | Successful |
Deep space rendezvous
[編輯]Date (UTC) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
14 January | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: 53公里(33英里).[36] |
15 January[37] | Cassini | 116th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,817公里(2,372英里). |
31 January | Cassini | 117th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,400公里(870英里). |
16 February | Cassini | 118th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,018公里(633英里). |
4 April | Cassini | 119th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 990 kilometres (615 mi). |
6 May | Cassini | 120th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 971公里(603英里). |
7 June | Cassini | 121st flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 975公里(606英里). |
4 July[38] | Juno | Jovicentric orbit injection. | First solar-powered Jovian probe (2nd orbiter) |
4 July | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: 350公里(220英里). |
25 July | Cassini | 122nd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 976公里(606英里). |
10 August | Cassini | 123rd flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,599公里(994英里). |
27 August | Juno | 1st perijove of Jupiter | Closest approach: 2,600公里(1,600英里).[39] |
26 September | Cassini | 124th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,737公里(1,079英里). |
30 September | Rosetta | Landing on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko | Probe was programmed to deactivate its thrusters and radio transmissions after landing. |
19 October | Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016) | Areocentric orbit injection | |
19 October | Schiaparelli (ExoMars 2016) | Landing on Mars, Meridiani Planum | Probe entered Martian atmosphere intact, but contact was lost 50 seconds before expected landing.[40] NASA's MRO later identified the Schiaparelli crash site, confirming the loss of the lander.[41] |
19 October | Juno | 2nd perijove of Jupiter | Period Reduction Maneuver[42] originally planned, but delayed due to valve issues.[43] The maneuver was later cancelled entirely in favor of remaining in a 53-day orbit.[44] |
13 November | Cassini | 125th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,582公里(983英里). |
16 November | Mars Express | Flyby of Phobos | Closest approach: 127公里(79英里). |
29 November | Cassini | 126th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,223公里(2,003英里). |
11 December | Juno | 3rd perijove of Jupiter |
Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVAs)
[編輯]Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 January 13:48 |
4 hours 43 minutes | 18:31 | Expedition 46 ISS Quest |
Replaced a failed voltage regulator responsible for shutting down one of the station's eight power channels in November 2015, and routed cables in support of the installation of the International Docking Adaptor. EVA terminated two hours early due to water leakage in Kopra's helmet, but the primary task was accomplished.[45] | |
3 February 12:55 |
4 hours 45 minutes | 17:40 | Expedition 46 ISS Pirs |
Deployed a commemorative flash drive, took samples of module exteriors, installed handrails for use in future EVAs, retrieved an astrobiology experiment, deployed a materials science experiment, and tested a tool for applying coatings to module exteriors.[46] | |
19 August 12:04 |
5 hours 58 minutes | 18:02 | Expedition 48 ISS Quest |
The astronauts installed the International Docking Adapter (IDA) which was delivered by Dragon CRS-9, allowing future commercial crew spacecraft to dock with the station. This first IDA was attached to Harmony's forward port, over the existing Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA).[47][48] The EVA terminated after completing the primary objective, without completing the secondary objectives, due to a malfunction of the right earphone of Jeff Williams. | |
1 September 11:53 |
6 hours 48 minutes | 18:41 | Expedition 48 ISS Quest |
The crew retracted a thermal radiator which is a backup, and then installed the first pair of several High Definition cameras to monitor the traffic around the station. Then they have performed some maintenance operations.[49] |
Space debris events
[編輯]Date/Time (UTC) | Source object | Event type | Pieces tracked | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
26 March 01:42[50] | Hitomi | Satellite breakup | 10[51] | JAXA lost communications with the freshly launched telescope during its early commissioning phase. Meanwhile, JspOC observed 5 then 10 pieces of debris diverging from the satellite, one of them comparably sized to the main spacecraft by radar signature.[52]
Hitomi itself went into a tumble and sent short intermittent communications. 截至2016年4月18日[update], the investigation into the root cause of the incident was ongoing. Collision with already-tracked space debris has been ruled out.[50] Multiple incidents in the spacecraft's attitude control system resulted in an excessive spin rate and breakup of structurally weak elements.[53] In a twist of fate, one of the secondary payloads traveling with Hitomi was ChubuSat-3, a microsatellite dedicated to monitoring global warming effects and space debris.[54] |
1 June 09:20 [55] | SL-12 R/B (#33473) | Booster breakup | 20+ [55] | An ullage motor, part of a Russian Proton-M rocket that was launched in December 2008, exploded for unknown reasons.[56] |
Orbital launch statistics
[編輯]By country
[編輯]For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.
- China: 22
- Europe: 9
- India: 7
- Israel: 1
- Japan: 4
- North Korea: 1
- Russia: 19
- USA: 22
Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures |
Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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22 | 20 | 1 | 1 | ||
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9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
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7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | ||
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
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4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||
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1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
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19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | Includes 2 Soyuz launches from Kourou | |
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22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | +1 pre-launch failure (Amos 6 / Falcon 9) | |
World | 85 | 82 | 2 | 1 |
By rocket
[編輯]By family
[編輯]Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas | ![]() |
8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | ![]() |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon | ![]() |
8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pre-launch failure |
H-II | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | ![]() |
22 | 20 | 1 | 1 | |
Pegasus | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
R-7 | ![]() |
14 | 13 | 1 | 0 | |
SLV | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Shavit | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Unha | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Universal Rocket | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
By type
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares 200 | ![]() |
Antares | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden Flight |
Ariane 5 | ![]() |
Ariane | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V | ![]() |
Atlas | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV | ![]() |
Delta | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
Epsilon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 | ![]() |
Falcon | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pre-launch failure |
GSLV | ![]() |
SLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA | ![]() |
H-II | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | ![]() |
Long March | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
Long March 3 | ![]() |
Long March | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4 | ![]() |
Long March | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 5 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 7 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 11 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Pegasus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
SLV | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Shavit | ![]() |
Shavit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz | ![]() |
R-7 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2 | ![]() |
R-7 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Unha | ![]() |
Unha | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
UR-100 | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
By configuration
[編輯]Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares 230 | ![]() |
Antares 200 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden Flight |
Ariane 5 ECA | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 ES | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 401 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 411 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 421 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 431 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 541 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 551 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Heavy | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
Epsilon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 v1.1 | ![]() |
Falcon 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
Falcon 9 Full Thrust | ![]() |
Falcon 9 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pre-launch failure |
GSLV Mk II | ![]() |
GSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2D | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | |
Long March 2F/G | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3A | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B/E | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C / YZ-1 | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4B | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4C | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 5 | ![]() |
Long March 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 7 / YZ-1A | ![]() |
Long March 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Long March 11 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Pegasus XL | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M | ![]() |
Proton | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-G | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL | ![]() |
PSLV | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Rokot / Briz-KM | ![]() |
UR-100 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Shavit-2 | ![]() |
Shavit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz 2.1a or STA | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz 2.1a / Volga | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
Soyuz 2.1b or STB | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | ![]() |
Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-U | ![]() |
Soyuz | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Unha | ![]() |
Unha | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
By spaceport
[編輯]Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | ![]() |
11 | 10 | 1 | 0 | |
Cape Canaveral | ![]() |
18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pre-launch failure |
Jiuquan | ![]() |
9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Kourou | ![]() |
11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
MARS | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Palmachim | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Sohae | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Taiyuan | ![]() |
4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Tanegashima | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Uchinoura | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Vostochny | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | First launch |
Wenchang | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | First launch |
Xichang | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
By orbit
[編輯]Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not achieved | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Low Earth | 42 | 41 | 1 | 0 | Including 10 to ISS (+1 failed), 1 to Tiangong-2 |
Geosynchronous / transfer | 32 | 31 | 1 | 0 | |
Medium Earth | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
High Earth | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Heliocentric orbit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Including planetary transfer orbits |
References
[編輯]- 中國國家航天局
- 中國探月網
- Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
- 日本宇宙航空研究開發機構
- Jonathan's Space Report(SatCat.txt與Launchlog.txt兩項)
- Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
- NASA
- NASA SpaceFlight.com
- Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
- Space Calander (NASA JPL)
- Southwest Space Archive
- SPACE.com Launch Forecast
- SpaceFlightNow
- Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
- U.S. Space Objects Registry
Footnotes
[編輯]- ^ Путин разрешил перенести первый запуск с «Восточного». Tvrain.ru. [2017-03-21].
- ^ Payer, Markus. Leading satellite operator will be world's first company to launch a geostationary satellite on a reusable rocket in Q4 2016 (新聞稿). SES S.A. 30 August 2016 [30 August 2016].
- ^ Chang, Kenneth. ExoMars Mission to Join Crowd of Spacecraft at Mars. New York Times. 19 October 2016 [19 October 2016].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Chang, Kenneth. Mars Mission Blasts Off From Kazakhstan. The New York Times. 14 March 2016 [14 March 2016].
- ^ Clark, Steven. Japanese orbiter officially begins science mission at Venus. Spaceflight Now. 17 May 2016.
- ^ Clark, Stephen. Scientists to land, and switch off, Rosetta comet probe in September. Spaceflight Now. 2 July 2016 [5 July 2016].
- ^ Gannon, Megan. Goodbye, Rosetta! Spacecraft Crash-Lands on Comet in Epic Mission Finale. Space.com. 30 September 2016 [1 October 2016].
- ^ SpaceX on Twitter: "After further data review, stage landed softly but leg 3 didn't lockout. Was within 1.3 meters of droneship center". Twitter. [2017-03-21].
- ^ North Korea plans satellite launch this month - World - CBC News. Cbc.ca. 2016-02-02 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. NROL launches. Gunter's Space Page. [2016-12-08].
- ^ JAXA | Operation Plan of X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H (Hitomi). Global.jaxa.jp. 2016-04-28 [2017-03-21].
- ^ King, Bob. ExoMars Mission Narrowly Avoids Exploding Booster. Universe Today. 24 March 2016 [26 March 2016].
- ^ Atlas V OA-6 Anomaly Status. United Launch Alliance. 31 March 2016 [31 March 2016].
- ^ Barbosa, Rui C. Chinese Long March 4B lofts satellites for Ziyuan-3 and Aleph-1 programs. NASASpaceflight.com. 29 May 2016.
- ^ Justin Ray. Navy satellite claws its way to usable orbit after main engine failure – Spaceflight Now. Spaceflightnow.com. [2017-03-21].
- ^ 长征七号首飞成功 携带多用途飞船缩比返回舱. Sina.com. [25 June 2016] (Chinese).
- ^ NROL-61 satellite launched Thursday spotted in space by sky-watchers. Spaceflight Now. 30 July 2016.
- ^ Jeffrey Lin; P.W. Singer; John Costello. CHINA'S QUANTUM SATELLITE COULD CHANGE CRYPTOGRAPHY FOREVER. Popular Science. 3 March 2016 [12 March 2016].
- ^ Stephen Clark. Intelsat satellite in service after overcoming engine trouble – Spaceflight Now. Spaceflightnow.com. [2017-03-21].
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Malik, Tariq. Launchpad Explosion Destroys SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket, Satellite in Florida. Space.com. 1 September 2016 [1 September 2016].
- ^ Graham, William. Israel launches Ofek spy satellite – officials confirm malfunctions. nasaspaceflight.com. 13 September 2016 [19 September 2016].
- ^ Huang, Jin. Why will Shenzhou-11 carry only two astronauts to space?. People's Daily Online. 8 March 2016 [10 March 2016].
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. XPNAV 1. Gunter's Space Page. [2016-11-01].
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. Xiaoxiang 1. Gunter's Space Page. [2016-11-01].
- ^ Successful deployment of six CubeSats delivered by KOUNOTORI6. JAXA. 16 January 2017 [17 January 2017].
- ^ TuPOD successfully deployed its two onboard TubeSats. GAUSS Srl. 20 January 2017 [28 January 2017].
- ^ NanoRacks on Twitter: "Successful #cubesat deployment early this morning at 10:25:01 GMT of two @SpireGlobal #Lemurs from the #NRCSD on @Space_Station". Twitter. NanoRacks. 6 March 2017 [27 March 2017].
- ^ NanoRacks on Twitter: "Another successful deployment! Two more @SpireGlobal #Lemurs deployed at 15:05:00 GMT from the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer on #ISS". Twitter. NanoRacks. 7 March 2017 [27 March 2017].
- ^ NanoRacks on Twitter: "Deployment cycle complete! @NASAAmes #TechEdSat5 deployed from @Space_Station @ 18:20:00 GMT. Thanks to all who made this mission a success!". Twitter. NanoRacks. 7 March 2017 [27 March 2017].
- ^ TanSat (Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite Mission). eoPortal.org. [18 December 2016].
- ^ Jeff Foust. Chinese satellites raising orbits after launch anomaly. SpaceNews.com. 2016-12-30 [2017-03-21].
- ^ 観測ロケットS-310-44号機 打上げ結果について. JAXA. 15 January 2016 [15 January 2015] (Japanese).
- ^ Berger, Brian. Launch. Land. Repeat: Blue Origin posts video of New Shepard's Friday flight. Space News. 23 January 2016.
- ^ Koehler, Keith. MUSIC Successfully Launched from NASA Wallops. NASA. 1 March 2016.
- ^ Foust, Jeff. Blue Origin flies New Shepard on suborbital test flight. Space News. 2 April 2016.
- ^ Skimming Phobos | Mars Express. Blogs.esa.int. 2016-01-13 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Cassini Solstice Mission: Saturn Tour Dates: 2016. saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. [6 September 2015].
- ^ Calandrelli, Emily; Escher, Anna. The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016. TechCrunch. 16 December 2016 [2016-12-16].
- ^ Agle, D. C.; Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie. NASA's Juno Successfully Completes Jupiter Flyby. NASA. 27 August 2016 [1 October 2016].
- ^ William Harwood. ESA Mars lander Schiaparelli failed in "soft landing" but data sent back may be worth it. CBS News. 2016-10-20 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Plummer, Libby. European probe Schiaparelli 'exploded' on Mars' surface as Nasa images reveal crash site | Daily Mail Online. Dailymail.co.uk. 2016-10-21 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Lakdawalla, Emily. What to expect from JunoCam at Jupiter. Planetary.org. 9 June 2016 [1 October 2016].
- ^ Juno to delay planned burn | The Planetary Society. Planetary.org. [2017-03-21].
- ^ NASA’s Juno Mission to Remain in Current Orbit at Jupiter | NASA. Nasa.gov. 2016-07-04 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Garcia, Mark. Spacewalk Ends Early After Water Detected in Helmet | Space Station. Blogs.nasa.gov. 2016-01-15 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Garcia, Mark. Second Spacewalk of Year Complete | Space Station. Blogs.nasa.gov. 2016-02-03 [2017-03-21].
- ^ Spacewalk Concludes After Commercial Crew Port Installation. NASA. 19 August 2016.
- ^ First Commercial Crew Docking Port established aboard ISS in challenging Spacewalk. Spaceflight101. 19 August 2016.
- ^ NASA TV to Air U.S. Spacewalk, Briefing | NASA. Nasa.gov. [2017-03-21].
- ^ 50.0 50.1 Gruss, Mike. U.S. Air Force: No evidence malfunctioning Japanese satellite was hit by debris. Space News. 29 March 2016 [5 April 2016].
- ^ @JSpOC. 10 pieces from Astro-H break-up is posted on @SpaceTrackOrg. 41337 was amended to match the largest piece. The former 41337 is now 41442. (推文). 1 April 2016 [13 April 2016] –透過Twitter.
- ^ New Orbital Data & Observations Dim Hopes for Japanese Hitomi Spacecraft. Spaceflight101. 2 April 2016 [5 April 2016].
- ^ Clark, Stephen. Attitude control failures led to break-up of Japanese astronomy satellite. Spaceflight Now. 18 April 2016 [21 April 2016].
- ^ ChubuSat Instrument Development Project / About ChubuSat-3 Satellite. Nagoya University. 13 April 2016 [13 April 2016].
- ^ 55.0 55.1 @JSpOC. Breakup Notification: SL-12 R/B (#33473) @ 0920-0930z on 1Jun16. 20+ associated pieces. No indication of collision. @SpaceTrackOrg. (推文). 2 June 2016 [16 June 2016] –透過Twitter.
- ^ Russian Ullage rocket engine explodes in space. Spaceflight Insider. 4 June 2016 [16 June 2016].
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