以色列與大規模殺傷性武器
大規模殺傷性武器 |
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種類 |
政治實體 |
散佈 |
條約 |
普遍認爲,以色列擁有大規模殺傷性武器。該國是四個不在不擴散核武器條約的擁有的核武器國家之一[1]。美國國會技術評估辦公室(Office of Technology Assessment)認爲以色列藏有「未經申報」的化學武器。同時,該辦公室還認爲以色列有研究進攻性生物武器的計劃[2]。而以色列官方則既沒有承認也沒有否認在擁有核武器。
核武器
[編輯]據信,以色列在1967年就已經擁有了可用於作戰的核武器。在六日戰爭之後,以色列很快就生產了大量的核彈頭[2]。另有非官方的調查結果顯示,以色列有80到2000枚熱核武器[3][4][5][6]。目前,尚不清楚報導中的以色列熱核武器是否是百萬噸級的[7]。另外,以色列還被認爲擁有多種形式的核武器(比如中子彈、戰術核武器、手提箱核彈等)[8]。據信,以色列製造核武器的場所是內蓋夫核子研究中心。
2006年,以色列總理埃胡德·奧爾默特在德國電視台發表講話時表示「伊朗有志和美國、法國、以色列、俄羅斯一樣,成爲有核國家」——這似乎承認了以色列擁有核武器[9][10][11]。他的表態,與以色列政府長期實行的對該國是否持有核武器這一問題的故意模糊政策完全相悖。目前,以色列仍然維持着「不會在中東首先使用核武器」的政策[12]。前國際原子能機構總幹事穆罕默德·巴拉迪認爲以色列是一個有核國家[13]。目前,不少關於以色列的核計劃的信息都是在1986年由一個叫做莫迪凱·瓦努努的內蓋夫核子研究中心的技術員那裏流出的,他在事後被以當局判處18年監禁。以色列到目前爲止還沒有簽署核不擴散條約,不過,該國卻支持建立一個中東無大規模殺傷性區域。[14]
2023年以色列—哈馬斯戰爭期間,屬於極右翼的以色列文化遺產部長阿米哈伊·埃利亞胡,在電台訪談中說用核彈攻擊加沙「是可能性之一」,間接承認以色列擁有核武。他其後被總理內塔尼亞胡暫停職務。[15][16]美國軍事媒體《國家利益》引述安全問題專家分析,稱以色列至少擁有90枚核彈頭。[17]
核武器攜帶方式
[編輯]以色列可以通過射程達11,500公里、能用於二次打擊的傑里科洲際彈道導彈發射核彈。以色列能裝配核彈頭的彈道導彈據信都深埋於地下,即使遭受了核打擊也不會被破壞[18][19]。另外,以色列還被認爲擁有離岸的二次打擊能力,因爲該國擁有能搭載核彈頭的潛射巡航導彈,而這種導彈可以通過以色列海軍的海豚級潛艇發射[20]。另外,以色列空軍擁有F-15I和F-16I核蘇閥兩種在使用保形油箱、配備波音707改造成的空中加油機時能夠長距離攜帶核武器的戰鬥機[21]。
化學武器
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/CIA_report-on-Israeli-Chemical-Weapons.pdf/page1-220px-CIA_report-on-Israeli-Chemical-Weapons.pdf.jpg)
以色列已簽署,但尚未批准《禁止化學武器公約》(CWC)[22]1983年,一份由CIA撰寫的報告指出:「以色列在發現該國已被有了初步化學武器使用能力的阿拉伯鄰國包圍後,開始愈加擔心他們面對化學武器攻擊時的脆弱……於是,他們開始了爲對己方和敵對區域開展化學戰作準備的項目。1982年晚些時候,(我們)在內蓋夫沙漠中發現了一套疑似爲化學武器神經毒劑的生產和存儲設備的設施。另外,以色列還被認爲存在另外的化學武器生產行爲,因爲該國的化學工業十分發達。」[23]
另外,亦有猜測認爲,位於耐斯茨奧納的以色列生物學研究所(IIBR)也有與化學武器相關的項目[24] [25]。
1992年,人們在於飛往特拉維夫途中墜毀的以色列航空1862號班機的貨物中發現了190升的甲基膦酸二甲酯。二甲酯是列於化學武器公約附表2中的化學品,它是合成神經毒劑沙林的 原料之一。對此,以色列堅稱,這些物質是無毒的,他們只是把這些物質用於防化過濾器的測試,而且,這批甲基膦酸二甲酯是清楚按照國際規範列於貨物艙單上的。這批甲基膦酸二甲酯是從一個美國化工廠發往以色列生物學研究所的,且擁有美國商務部下發的許可證[26]。
1993年,美國國會技術評估辦公室的大規模殺傷性武器擴散評估中把以色列定位爲「通常被認爲是擁有的未申報的化學戰能力的國家」。[2]前負責化學和生物防禦的美國副助理國務卿比爾·理查森博士在1998年這樣說道:「我堅信以色列在研製具有進攻性的化學武器和生物武器……毫無疑問,他們(以色列)已經有這些東西很多年了。」[27]
生物武器
[編輯]據信,以色列已經擁有具進攻性的生物戰能力[2]。美國國會技術評估辦公室將以色列定位爲「擁有長期、未申報的生物戰相關項目的國家」[2],且以色列沒有簽署禁止生物武器公約[28]。有假說認爲位於耐斯茨奧納的以色列生物學研究所在研究對抗生物戰和化學戰的疫苗和解毒劑[29]。目前,很難確認以色列是否還維持着進攻性的生物武器項目。但有推測認爲以色列仍然維持着製造和散佈生物武器的有效能力[30]。
文學作品
[編輯]- 約翰·道格拉斯-格雷所著的驚悚片《諾瓦克遺產》(The Novak Legacy)
參考
[編輯]- ^ Background Information, 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. United Nations. [2006-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2006-06-25).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks (PDF). U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. August 1993 [2008-12-09]. OTA-ISC-559. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-12-18).
- ^ nuclear weapons of Israel. [May 3, 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-29).
- ^ Toukan, Abdullah, Senior Associate; Cordesman, Anthony H., Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy. Study on a Possible Israeli Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Development Facilities (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. [April 2, 2015]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-04-17).
- ^ Brower, Kenneth S., 「A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East,」 Jane's Intelligence Review, Special Report no. 14, (February 1997), 14-15.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance. Arms Control Association. [2007-05-30]. (原始內容存檔於2007-05-30).
- ^ Does Israel Really Have a Thermonuclear Weapon?. [2015-08-03]. (原始內容存檔於2015-08-04).
- ^ Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-394-57006-5 p.220
- ^ Israeli PM in nuclear arms hint. BBC Online. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- ^ In a Slip, Israel’s Leader Seems to Confirm Its Nuclear Arsenal. The New York Times. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-20).
- ^ Israeli PM admits to nuclear weapons. ABC Online. 2006-12-12 [2015-07-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-13).
- ^ Dawoud, Khaled. Redefining the bomb. Al-Ahram Weekly. 1999-12-02 [2006-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2006-06-26).
- ^ Mohamed ElBaradei. Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News. International Atomic Energy Agency. 27 July 2004 [2007-06-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-21).
- ^ 43 nations to seek Middle East free of WMDs. MSNBC.com. 2008-07-13 [2011-09-06]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-05).
- ^ 參考消息. 11月7日译名发布:阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡. 百家號,百度百科. [2024-07-16] (中文(簡體)).
據法新社11月5日報道,以色列遺產事務部長阿米哈伊·埃利亞胡被停職,他最近在接受媒體採訪時,因提出可以向加沙投放核彈而引起爭議。
- ^ Nuking Gaza a possibility – Israeli minister. RT. 2023-11-05 [2023-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-16).
Israeli Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu has suggested that his country could launch a nuclear strike on Gaza. The controversial remarks caused outrage across the Israeli government, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suspending Eliyahu indefinitely. During an interview on Sunday with Radio Kol Berama, Eliyahu, who is a member of the far-right Otzma Yehudit party, was asked if Israel could drop an atomic bomb on the Palestinian enclave. The minister replied that 「this is one of the possibilities.」[以色列文化遺產部長阿米哈伊·埃利亞胡表示,以色列可能對加沙地帶發動核打擊。這一有爭議的言論激起了以色列政府的憤怒,以色列總理使阿米哈伊·埃利亞胡班傑明·內塔尼亞胡無限期停職。以色列總理內塔尼亞胡21日在接受巴勒斯坦廣播電台記者採訪時說,以色列是否可以在巴勒斯坦領土上投放原子彈。部長回答說: 「這是可能性之一。]
- ^ 90枚核彈頭給以色列底氣? 中國提2要求 : 必須入約、接受IAEA審查 | 國際. Newtalk新聞. 2023-11-27 [2024-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-21) (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ Plushnick-Masti, Ramit. Israel Buys 2 Nuclear-Capable Submarines. The Washington Post. 2006-08-25 [2010-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-10).
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- ^ Alon Ben-David. Israel seeks sixth Dolphin in light of Iranian 'threat'. Jane's Defence Weekly. 1 October 2009 [2009-11-03]. (原始內容存檔於2009-10-03).
- ^ John Pike. Israel Air Force - Israel. globalsecurity.org. [2015-08-03]. (原始內容存檔於2015-08-22).
- ^ United Nations Treaty Collection. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Accessed 14 January 2009.
- ^ 1NIE on Israeli Chemical Weapons. scribd.com. [2015-08-03]. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-06).
- ^ IIBR, Israel, [2015-08-03], (原始內容存檔於2012-11-15).
- ^ Cohen, Avner. Israel and Chemical/Biological Weapons: History, Deterrence, and Arms Control (PDF). [2010-04-27]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-06-11).
- ^ Israel says El Al crash chemical 'non-toxic'. BBC. 1998-10-02 [2006-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2003-08-18).
- ^ Stein, Jeff. Debunking the "ethno-bomb". Salon.com. 1998-12-02 [2006-07-11]. (原始內容存檔於2006-06-29).
- ^ Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention. United Nations Office At Geneva. [12 March 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-09).
- ^ Nes Ziyyona. GlobalSecurity.org. April 28, 2005 [2007-02-11]. (原始內容存檔於2007-02-16).
Israel is believed to have the capacity to produce chemical warfare agents, and probably has stocks of bombs, rockets, and artillery shells. Public reports that a mustard and nerve gas production facility was established in 1982 in the Dimona restricted area are apparently erroneous. Israel is also probably poised to rapidly produce biological weapons, though there are no public reports of currently active production effort or associated locations.…Israel's primary chemical and biological warfare facility is at Nes Ziyyona [Noss Ziona], near Tel Aviv. The Israeli Institute for Bio-Technology is believed to be the home of both offensive and defensive research.
- ^ Normark, Magnus; Anders Lindblad; Anders Norqvist; Björn Sandström; Louise Waldenström. Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities (PDF). FOI: 38. December 2005 [2007-02-11]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-02-08).
Israel does not stockpile or produce BW in large-scale today. However, we assess that Israel has a breakout capability for biological weapons and also CW, i.e. the knowledge needed to implement theoretical knowledge into the practical management of production and deployment of CBW. The knowledge base would be the one that was built during the 1950s and 1960s where today’s advanced research can be used to upgrade potential BW and CW agents and their behaviour in the environment. We have not found any conclusive evidence that show that Israel’s offensive programs still remain active today.
外部連結
[編輯]- * Israel, WMD Overview, Nuclear Threat Initiative, May 2014 [2015-08-03], (原始內容存檔於2015-09-18).
- Israeli Nuclear History(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Archival Document Collection at the Wilson Center Digital Archive
- [1](頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Avner Cohen Collection at the Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
- Israel Crosses the Threshold, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), by Avner Cohen and William Burr, April 28, 2006 (originally published at Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006)
- Bibliography of Israeli Nuclear Science Publications(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) by Mark Gorwitz, June 2005
- Israeli Nuclear Forces(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 2002, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 2002
- The Bomb That Never Is, by Avner Cohen, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2000, Vol 56, No. 3 pp. 22–23
- Israel and the Bomb[2](頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (Columbia University press, 1998), including declassified documents.
- Obsessive secrecy undermines democracy(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) By Reuven Pedatzur Ha'aretz. Tuesday, August 8, 2000—Cohen published "Israel and the Bomb" in the United States, and a Hebrew translation of the book has appeared here. In the eyes of the defense establishment, Cohen has committed a double sin.
- Fighting to preserve the tattered veil of secrecy(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) By Ronen Bergman The publication of Dr. Avner Cohen's book and of the Vanunu trial transcripts set off alarm bells for the Defense Ministry's chief of security, who is striving to protect the traditional opacity regarding Israel's nuclear affairs.
- Blast, from the past to the present(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) By Yirmiyahu Yovel Ha'aretz. 28 July 2000—If, in the context of the peace agreements and talks with the United States, Israel were to confirm its nuclear capability - while committing itself to no nuclear testing and pledging to build its defense system on conventional weapons as in the past - maybe then it might achieve at least de facto recognition, if not international legitimacy, for its nuclear weaponry, to be used only as a "last resort" and a tool for safeguarding peace after Israel withdraws.
- The Third Temple's Holy Of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Warner D. Farr, LTC, U.S. Army, September 1999
- Israel: Plutonium Production The Risk Report Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996).
- Israel: Uranium Processing and Enrichment The Risk Report Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996).
- Israel The Nuclear Potential of Individual Countries Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Problems of Extension Appendix 2 Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service 6 April 1995
- The Samson Option. Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Seymour M Hersh, [New York: Random House, 1991]