傘菌目
傘菌目
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| 平菇 Pleurotus ostreatus | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 門： | 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota |
| 綱： | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
| 亞綱： | 傘菌亞綱 Agaricomycetidae |
| 目： | 傘菌目 Agaricales Underw., 1899 |
| 亞目 | |
傘菌目（學名：Agaricales），又名磨菇目，是傘菌綱的一目。本目包含33科、413屬和超過13000種已經描述的物種，其中包括6個化石屬[1]。本目所包含的種類廣泛，從最常見的洋菇，致命的毒鵝膏和有迷幻性質的毒蠅傘，到可發光的發光類臍菇都是本目的種類。
分佈和棲息地[編輯]
傘菌目的物種無處不在，所有大洲均有發現。大部分生長在陸地，它們的棲息地包括所有類型的林地和草地，不同科之間的物種差別很大。傘菌目長期被認為是只生長在陸地，直到2005年發現的水生蘑菇(Psathyrella aquatica)，唯一在水下繁殖的蘑菇。[2]
特徵[編輯]
傘菌目的擔子果通常是肉質的，具有通常稱為莖的菌柄、菌蓋、和菌褶，其中產生擔孢子。 這是蘑菇的刻板結構。 不同類型的蘑菇包括多孔菌，它們有孔（管）而不是菌褶，以及形成齒狀或棘狀突起的觸鬚菌(hydnoid fungi)。
科[編輯]
現時屬於傘菌目的科有約40個，包括：
- 蘑菇科 Agaricaceae
- 鵝膏菌科 Amanitaceae
- Biannulariaceae
- 糞鏽傘科 Bolbitiaceae
- Broomeiaceae
- Callistosporiaceae
- Chromocyphellaceae
- 珊瑚菌科 Clavariaceae
- 絲膜菌科 Cortinariaceae
- Crassisporiaceae
- 鏽耳科 Crepidotaceae ，靴耳科
- 掛鐘菌科 Cyphellaceae
- 皮革菌科 Cystostereaceae
- 粉褶菌科 Entolomataceae
- 牛舌菌科 Fistulinaceae
- Hebelomataceae
- Hemigasteraceae
- 軸腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae
- 蠟傘科 Hygrophoraceae
- 腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae
- Inocybaceae
- Astrosporina J.Schröt., 1889
- Astrosporina S.Imai, 1938
- Auritella Matheny & Bougher, 2006
- Cyphellathelia Jülich
- Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., 1863
- 凹孢絲蓋傘屬 Inosperma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe (Kuyper) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe abruptibulbosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe acystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe africana Aïgnon, Yorou & Ryberg
- Mallocybe agardhii (N.Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe althoffiae (E.Horak) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe arenaria (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe arthrocystis (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe attenuatipes (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe coloradoensis (Tracy & Earle) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe cotoneovelata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana
- Mallocybe delecta (P.Karst.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe depressa L.Fan, H.Zhou & N.Mao
- Mallocybe errata (E.Horak, Matheny & Desjardin) Haelew.
- Mallocybe fibrillosa (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulviceps (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulvipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulvoumbonata (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fuscomarginata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe granulosa (Jacobsson & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe gymnocarpa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe hebelomoides Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe heimii (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe homomorpha (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe isabellina (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe lagenicystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe latifolia (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe latispora (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe leucoblema (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe leucoloma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe malenconii (R.Heim) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe megalospora (Stangl & Bresinsky) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe multispora (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe myriadophylla (Vauras & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe nuptialis Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
- Mallocybe pakistanica[3]
- Mallocybe pallidotomentosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe paludosa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pelargoniodora (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe perbrevis (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe peronata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe piceae L.Fan & N.Mao
- Mallocybe pinicola[3]
- Mallocybe plebeia Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
- Mallocybe pseudodulcamara (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pygmaea (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pyrrhopoda (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe sabulosa (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe siciliana (Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti) Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti
- Mallocybe solidipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe squamosoannulata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe squarrosoannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subdecurrens (Ellis & Everh.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subflavospora (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe substraminipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subtilior (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe terrigena (Fr.) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe tomentosula Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe umbrinofusca (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe unicolor (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe velicoronata (E.Ludw. & M.Huth) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe velutina Saba & Khalid
- Nothocybe Matheny & K.P.D.Latha, 2019
- Pseudosperma Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Tubariomyces Esteve-Rav. & Matheny, 2010
- Limnoperdaceae
- 馬勃科 Lycoperdaceae
- 離褶傘科 Lyophyllaceae
- Macrocystidiaceae
- 小皮傘科 Marasmiaceae
- 小菇科 Mycenaceae
- Mythicomycetaceae
- Niaceae
- Nidulariaceae
- 光茸菌科 Omphalotaceae
- Palaeoclavariaceae
- Phelloriniaceae
- Phyllotopsidaceae
- Physalacriaceae
- 側耳科 Pleurotaceae
- 光柄菇科 Pluteaceae
- Porotheleaceae
- 鬼傘科 Psathyrellaceae
- Pseudoclitocybaceae
- 羽瑚菌科 Pterulaceae
- Radulomycetaceae
- Sarcomyxaceae
- 裂褶菌科 Schizophyllaceae
- Secotiaceae
- Squamanitaceae
- Stephanosporaceae
- 球蓋菇科 Strophariaceae
- 口蘑科 Tricholomataceae
- Tubariaceae
- Tulostomataceae
- Typhulaceae
- 科的地位未定的屬：
- Acanthocorticium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb.
- Acanthocystidium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb
- Acinophora Rafinesque, 1808
- Albocoprinus
- Aleurocystis
- 鵝膏菌屬 Amanita Adanson, 1763
- Amogaster M.A.Castellano, 1995
- 擬變孔菌屬 Anomoloma
- Aureofungus Hibbett, Binder & Wang, 2003
- Australocybe
- Baumanniella Henn.
- Blasiphalia Redhead
- Bresadolina
- Chalymmota
- Cheilophlebium Opiz & Gintl, 1856
- Collyria E.M.Fries, 1849
- Copelandia
- Cribrospora Pacioni & P.Fantini, 2000
- Cycloderma Klotzsch, 1832
- Cypellomyces Spegazzini, 1906
- Cysodermella H.Harmaja, 2002
- 小囊皮菌屬 Cystodermella Hamaja
- 樹狀皮革菌屬 Dendrothele
- Disporotrichum Stalpers, 1984
- Eriosperma Rafinesque, 1808
- Flammeopellis Y.C.Dai, B.K.Cui & C.L.Zhao, 2014
- Geasterites Pia, 1927
- Gerontomyces Poinar, 2016
- Gondwanagaricites Heads et al., 2017
- Gramincola Velenovský, 1947
- Hertzogia
- Hygrophorocybe Vizzini & Contu, 2014
- Hypomnema Britzelmayr, 1883
- Inopilus (Romagn.) Pegler
- Laterradea Raspail, 1824
- Lignomphalia
- Mesophelliopsis Batista & A.F.Vital, 1957
- Microcollybia
- Micromphale Nees
- 蒙氏假菇屬 Montagnea (DC.) Zeller
- Mycospongia Velenovský, 1939
- Mylitta E.M.Fries, 1825
- 新樁菇屬 Neopaxillus
- Neopaxillus bryogenus E.Horak
- Neopaxillus dominicanus Angelini & Vizzini
- Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer
- Neopaxillus plumbeus Singer & Lodge
- Neopaxillus reticulatus (Petch) Pegler
- Nigrocarnea
- Palaeoagaracites Poinar & Buckley, 2007
- Palaeoagaricites G.O.Poinar Jr. & R.Buckley, 2007
- Phaeotephrocybe
- Phlebophyllum R.Heim, 1969
- Pholiota (Fr.) Quél
- Pilosace (Fr.) Quél.
- Pleuromycenula
- 褶尾菌屬 Plicatura Peck
- Polygaster E.M.Fries, 1823
- Praearthromyces
- Radulomycetopsis G.S.Dhingra, Priyanka & J.Kaur, 2012
- Rotula Rafinesque, 1815
- Stemastrum Rafinesque, 1808
- Strobilurusl
- Stylobates E.M.Fries, 1837
- Synnematomyces Kobayasi, 1981
生命周期[編輯]
真菌子實體是生命周期的孢子產生階段。 大多數真菌通過孢子繁殖，子實體專為孢子的產生和傳播而開發。 子實體產生的孢子通常是有性生殖的結果[4]。
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ^ Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. Aquatic gilled mushrooms: Psathyrella fruiting in the Rogue River in southern Oregon. Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-07） （英語）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844
- ^ Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.