早三疊世
早三疊世 | |
---|---|
![]() 下三疊統砂岩 | |
地質年代 | |
三疊紀主要分界 -250 — – -245 — – -240 — – -235 — – -230 — – -225 — – -220 — – -215 — – -210 — – -205 — – -200 — 三疊紀時間表 直軸:百萬年前 | |
詞源 | |
年代地層名稱 | 上三疊統 |
地質年代名稱 | 早三疊世 |
名稱是否正式 | Formal |
具體信息 | |
天體 | 地球 |
適用區域 | 全球(ICS) |
適用時標 | ICS時間表 |
定義 | |
地質年代單位 | 世 |
年代地層單位 | 統 |
名稱是否正式 | 正式 |
下邊界定義 | 牙形石物種小欣德牙形石首次出現 |
下邊界GSSP位置 | 中國浙江梅山 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E |
GSSP批准時間 | 2001[3]:102–114 |
上邊界定義 | 未正式定義 |
候選的定義上邊界 |
|
上邊界GSSP候選 |
早三疊世是三疊紀三個世之首,自251.902Ma持續到247.2Ma (百萬年前)。這一世的岩石統稱為下三疊統。
早三疊世是中生代的第一個世,它之前是樂平世(古生代晚二疊世),之後是中三疊世。早三疊世可被分為印度期和奧倫尼剋期。印度期又可分為格里斯巴赫期和迪納爾期,奧倫尼剋期也可分為史密斯期和斯派思期。[4]
下三疊統在以前也被稱為斯基泰階。在歐洲,下三疊統的大部分由斑砂岩統組成,它是一個陸上紅層的岩石地層學單位。
生物圈歷經早三疊世和一部分中三疊世,才從地球史上規模最大的滅絕事件——二疊紀-三疊紀滅絕事件中恢復過來。第二次滅絕事件——史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件發生在奧倫尼剋期。[5]
氣候
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD.jpg)
早三疊世的氣候(特別是盤古大陸內部)相當乾旱少雨,沙漠廣布;極地則表現溫帶氣候。以菊石的分佈為依據推測,共時來看,極地到赤道的溫度梯度相當平坦,可能使得熱帶物種可以輕易擴張到極地。[6]:374–395
早三疊世大多數炎熱氣候[7]:1–10都可能由西伯利亞暗色岩的火山活動導致,這也是二疊紀-三疊紀滅絕事件的主要成因,並加速了全球變暖的速度。研究發現早三疊世的氣候變化無常,常常出現相比之下幅度、速度都很大的溫度變化,引發史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件。[8]:57–60[9]:366–370[10][11]:169–178
生物
[編輯]動植物相
[編輯]二疊紀-三疊紀滅絕事件同時終結了二疊紀和古生代,使得倖存生物的生活相當艱難。
早三疊世的生物逐漸從滅絕事件中恢復過來,受滅絕事件嚴重程度和早三疊世嚴酷氣候的影響,恢復過程花了數百萬年。[12]許多珊瑚、腕足動物、軟體動物、棘皮動物和其他一些無脊椎動物滅絕了。二疊紀南半球的植被由舌羊齒屬統治,三疊紀也不復存在了。[13]:28372輻鰭魚等其他種群似乎受到滅絕事件影響較小,[14]:348–362體型似乎不是滅絕期間的選擇性因子。[15]:106–147[16]:727–741海洋中和陸地上的生態恢復呈現不同的模式。受大滅絕影響,早三疊世動物相缺乏生物多樣性,且高度同質。陸上生態恢復花了3000萬年。[17]:759–765
陸地生物群
[編輯]最普遍的陸生脊椎動物是一種小型植食性動物——合弓綱水龍獸屬。水龍獸廣泛分佈在盤古大陸上,很多人認為它是大滅絕後的先鋒生物(常被反對[18]:610463)。它和非哺乳類犬齒獸亞目的鼩龍獸屬和三尖叉齒獸屬同時出現於盤古大陸南部。主龍形類也在這時出現,代表性物種為引鱷屬(奧倫尼剋期-拉丁期)。[19]:188這個群體包括鱷科和恐龍(包括鳥類)的祖先。恐龍形態類的腳印化石在奧倫尼剋期已有。[20]:1107–1113
三疊紀剛開始時,植物相以裸子植物為主,後來在格里斯巴赫-迪納爾期生態危機階段快速變化為石松為主(如肋木屬)。這一變化與二疊紀舌羊齒屬植物相的滅絕剛好重合。[13]在斯派斯期,植物相變回裸子植物和羊齒植物為主。[21]:911–924這些變化反映全球降水和溫度的變化。[13]
海洋生物群
[編輯]在海洋中,最普遍的早三疊世海生硬殼無脊椎動物是雙殼綱、腹足綱、菊石、海膽,以及幾種腕足動物。最早的牡蠣出現於早三疊世,生長在菊石的殼上。[22]:253–260微生物岩礁很普遍,可能是因為與後生動物礁缺乏競爭。[23]:62–74不過,在環境允許的情況下,短暫的後生動物礁在奧倫尼剋期重新出現了。[24]:693–697菊石在大量死亡後,於早三疊世展現全面繁盛的狀況。[25]:1118–1121
水生脊椎動物在大滅絕後發生分化。
魚類:典型三疊紀輻鰭魚類,如南方魚、比耶魚、古鯧屬、錐體魚屬、翼鱈屬、副半椎魚科和龍魚屬在靠近二疊紀-三疊紀交界處出現,而新鰭亞綱則在稍後才展現出高多樣性。[15]許多魚類物種在早三疊世都有廣泛分佈。腔棘魚綱多樣性達到峰值,並展現出多樣的生活姿態(叛逆腔棘魚屬)。軟骨魚綱有古貝茨無尖齒魚屬、滑齒鯊屬、部分板鰓亞綱等弓鯊目物種,以及尤金齒目最後的倖存者(卡士尼鯊屬、法登鯊屬)。
兩棲動物:相對大型的海生離片椎類兩棲動物,如隱次龍或旺扎螈,再印度期和奧倫尼剋期覆蓋了相當大的地域。這些鱷形兩棲類的化石分佈在格陵蘭、斯匹次卑爾根島、巴基斯坦和馬達加斯加。
爬行動物:在海洋中,最早的水生爬行動物在早三疊世出現。[26]:e88987它們的後代在中生代主宰了海洋。湖北鱷目、魚龍超目和鰭龍超目是奧倫尼剋期最早一批海洋爬行動物(如短吻龍屬、巢湖龍屬、歌津魚龍屬、湖北鱷、短尾魚龍屬、短頭魚龍屬、瞳龍屬)。其他海洋爬行動物,如長頸龍屬、瑞士龍屬、濾齒龍屬、楯齒龍目或海龍目則保持到中三疊世。[26]安尼期的魚龍目海帝魚龍屬是最早的海洋主要掠食者之一,可以捕食與自身體型相近的獵物,它佔據的生態位可以和今日的逆戟鯨比擬。[27]:1393–1397
史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件
[編輯]早三疊世奧倫尼剋期發生一次重要的滅絕事件,其時間靠近史密斯期和斯派斯期的界限。這次滅絕事件的主要受害者[28]是菊石和牙形石,以及幾種在二疊紀—三疊紀滅絕事件後倖存的古生代合弓綱物種,包括二齒獸類(比如三疊紀早期曾構成陸生動物四分之三的水龍獸)和獸頭類(如三疊紀早期的頂級掠食者麝喙獸)。在史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件後,蜥形綱主龍類的偽鱷演替成為優勢陸生動物,魚龍和鰭龍等海洋爬行動物也在這次滅絕後迅速多樣化。
植物相也變化劇烈。它從印度期和史密斯期以石松(如肋木屬)為主,變為斯派斯期以裸子植物和羊齒植物為主。[21]:911–924[29]:169–178這些變化是全球氣溫和降水變化的反映。松柏門是中生代大多數時候的主要植物。直到最近,這次發生於約249.4 Ma[30]:1–16的滅絕事件才得以確認其存在。[31]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png/400px-Triassic_marine_vertebrate_apex_predators.png)
史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件與西伯利亞暗色岩的晚期噴發有關,反映為全球變暖。[8]對牙形石氧同位素的研究發現,溫度可能在三疊紀最初200萬年迅速升高,最終使得史密斯期熱帶海平面溫度達到40°C。[32]滅絕事件本身發生於晚史密斯期,當時全球氣溫又突然下降;不過僅靠氣溫不足以形成史密斯-斯派斯期邊界事件,還有好幾個其他因素同時起作用。[10][30]:1–16
在海洋中,許多大型動物都不再分佈於熱帶,僅剩一些大型魚類,[33]:1025–1046和一些無法移動的軟體動物。只有能對抗高溫的物種存活了下來,約一半的雙殼綱物種滅絕。[34]在陸地上,回歸線附近幾乎不存在肉眼可見的生物。[9]
也存在生命迅速恢復的證據,儘管它們也僅是地方性的。有些地區有異乎尋常的高生物多樣性(如最早的斯派斯期巴黎生物區),[35]:e1602159[36]:19657這支持複雜的食物網和多重營養級。
另見
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[編輯]- Martinetto, Edoardo; Tschopp, Emanuel; Gastaldo, Robert (編). Nature through Time: Virtual field trips through the Nature of the past. Springer International Publishing. 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-35057-4.