白蟻科
白蟻科
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| 一隻被困在坎貝琥珀內的Nanotermes isaacae | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 蜚蠊目 Blattodea |
| 下目： | 等翅下目 Isoptera |
| 小目： | 真等翅類 Euisoptera |
| 從目： | 新等翅類 Neoisoptera |
| 科： | 白蟻科 Termitidae Latreille, 1802 |
| 亞科 | |
白蟻科（學名：Termitidae），俗稱「高等白蟻 (higher termite)」，屬蜚蠊目等翅下目。白蟻科為等翅下目中最大的科，約佔已知物種數的四分之三。
白蟻科為白蟻演化樹上最末端的類群，多樣性極高。有些物種具有工蟻多形性，有些具有兵蟻多形性，有些則同時具有工蟻及兵蟻多形性；有些物種沒有兵蟻，有些則具有高度特化的兵蟻。
分類
[編輯]過往白蟻科分為下列四個亞科：
根據Engel (2011)，原弓白蟻亞科被併入原白蟻亞科；現時白蟻科分為以下八個亞科[1]：
- Apicotermitinae Grassé & Noirot, 1954 [1955] (異名：Indotermitidae Roonwal & Sen Sarma in Roonwal, 1958)
- Cubitermitinae Weidner, 1956
- Foraminitermitinae Holmgren, 1912 (synonym: Pseudomicrotermitinae Holmgren, 1912)
- 大白蟻亞科 Macrotermitinae Kemner, 1934, nomen protectum [ICZN 2003] (異名：Acanthotermitinae Sjöstedt, 1926, nomen rejiciendum [ICZN 2003]; Odontotermitini Weidner, 1956
- 象白蟻亞科 Nasutitermitinae Hare, 1937
- Sphaerotermitinae Engel & Krishna, 2004a
- Syntermitinae Engel & Krishna, 2004a (異名：Cornitermitinae Ensaf et al., 2004, nomen nudum)
- 白蟻亞科 Termitinae Latreille, 1802 (異名： Microcerotermitinae Holmgren, 1910b; Amitermitinae Kemner, 1934 (disputed); Mirocapritermitinae Kemner, 1934; Mirotermitini Weidner, 1956; Capritermitini Weidner, 1956)
本科包括以下屬：
- Acangaobitermes Da Rocha, Cancello & Cuezzo, 2011
- 刺白蟻屬 Acanthotermes Sjöstedt, 1900
- 順白蟻屬 Acholotermes Sands, 1972
- Aciculitermes Emerson, 1960
- Acidnotermes Sands, 1972
- Acutidentitermes Emerson, 1959
- Adaiphrotermes Sands, 1972
- Aderitotermes Sands, 1972
- Adynatotermes Sands, 1972
- Afrosubulitermes Emerson, 1960
- Aganotermes Sands, 1972
- Agnathotermes Snyder, 1926
- Ahamitermes Mjöberg, 1920
- 鈍顎白蟻屬 Ahmaditermes Akhtar, 1975，鈍象白蟻屬
- Aiuruocatermes Neto & Pesenti, 2006
- Allodontermes Silvestri, 1912
- Allognathotermes Silvestri, 1914
- Alyscotermes Sands, 1972
- Amalotermes Sands, 1972
- Amicotermes Sands, 1972
- 黑塚白蟻屬 Amitermes Silvestri, 19012005
- Amplucrutermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2016
- Ampoulitermes Mathur & Thapa, 1962
- Anaorotermes Sands, 1972
- 鈎白蟻屬 Ancistrotermes Silvestri, 1912
- Anenteotermes Sands, 1972
- Angularitermes Emerson, 1925
- Angulitermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Anhangatermes Constantino, 1990
- Anoplotermes Müller, 1873
- Antillitermes Roisin, Scheffrahn & Křeček, 1996
- Apagotermes Sands, 1972
- Aparatermes Fontes, 1986
- Apicotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Apilitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Apsenterotermes Miller, 1991
- Araujotermes Fontes, 1982
- 弧白蟻屬 Arcotermes Fan, 1983
- Armitermes Wasmann, 1897
- Asagarotermes Sands, 1972
- Astalotermes Sands, 1972
- Astratotermes Sands, 1972
- Ateuchotermes Sands, 1972
- Atlantitermes Fontes, 1979
- Australitermes Emerson, 1960
- Bandeiratermes Rocha & Cancello, 2022
- Barberichnus Laza, 2006
- Basidentitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Batillitermes Uys, 1994
- Baucaliotermes Sands, 1965
- Bellicositermes Emerson, 1925
- Biratermes Rocha & Cancello, 2022
- Bulbitermes Emerson, 1949
- Caetetermes Fontes, 1981
- Cahuallitermes Constantino, 1994
- Capritermes Wasmann, 1897
- Caribitermes Roisin, Scheffrahn & Křeček, 1996
- Cavitermes Emerson, 1925
- Cephalotermes Silvestri, 1912
- Ceylonitermellus Emerson, 1960
- Ceylonitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Coarctotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Coatitermes Fontes, 1982
- Coendutermes Fontes, 1985
- Compositermes Scheffrahn, 2013
- Constrictotermes Holmgren, 1910
- Convexitermes Holmgren, 1910
- Copritermes Hill, 1915
- Cornicapritermes Emerson, 1950
- Cornitermes Wasmann, 1897
- Cortaritermes Mathews, 1977
- Coxotermes Grassé & Noirot, 1955
- Crenetermes Silvestri, 1912
- Crepititermes Emerson, 1925
- Cristatitermes Miller, 1991
- Cubitermes Wasmann, 1906
- 葫白蟻屬 Cucurbitermes Li & Ping, 1985
- Curvitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Cylindrotermes Holmgren, 1906
- Cyranotermes Araujo, 1970
- Cyrilliotermes Fontes, 1985
- Dentispicotermes Emerson, 1949
- 突歪白蟻屬 Dicuspiditermes Krishna, 1968
- Dihoplotermes Araujo, 1961
- Disjunctitermes Scheffrahn, 2017
- Diversitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Divinotermes Carrijo & Cancello, 2011
- Diwaitermes Roisin & Pasteels, 1996
- Drepanotermes Silvestri, 1909
- Duplidentitermes Emerson, 1959
- Ebogotermes Scheffrahn, Roisin, Akama & Šobotník, 2021
- Eburnitermes Noirot, 1966
- Echinotermes Castro & Scheffrahn, 2018
- Ekphysotermes Gay, 1971
- Eleanoritermes Ahmad, 1968
- Embiratermes Fontes, 1985
- Emersonitermes Mathur & Sen-Sarma, 1959
- Enetotermes Sands, 1995
- Engelitermes
- Engelitermes zambo Arias, Hellemans, Kaymak, Akama, Bourguignon, Roisin, Scheffrahn & Šobotník, 2023[2]
- Ephelotermes Miller, 1991
- Eremotermes Silvestri, 1911
- Ereymatermes Constantino, 1991
- Euchilotermes Silvestri, 1914
- 亮白蟻屬 Euhamitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Eurytermes Wasmann, 1902
- Euscaiotermes Silvestri, 1923
- Eutermellus Silvestri, 1912
- Eutermes Heer, 1849
- Fastigitermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Firmitermes Sjöstedt, 1926
- Foraminitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Forficulitermes Emerson, 1960
- Fulleritermes Coaton, 1962
- Furculitermes Emerson, 1960
- Gastrotermes Scheffrahn, 2020
- Genuotermes Emerson, 1950
- Gerdalbertia
- 球白蟻屬 Globitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Gnathamitermes Light, 1932
- Grallatotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Grigiotermes Mathews, 1977
- Hapsidotermes Miller, 1991
- 歧顎白蟻屬 Havilanditermes Light, 1930
- Heimitermes Grassé, 1955
- Hesperotermes Gay, 1971
- Hirtitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Homallotermes John, 1925
- Hoplognathotermes Silvestri, 1914
- Hoplotermes Light, 1933
- 須白蟻屬 Hospitalitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Humutermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2016
- Hydrecotermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2016
- Hyleotermes Cuezzo, Scheffrahn & Constantino, 2022
- 地白蟻屬 Hypotermes Holmgren, 1913
- Ibitermes Fontes, 1985
- Incolitermes Gay, 1966
- Indocapritermes Chhotani, 1997
- 印白蟻屬 Indotermes Roonwal & Sen-Sarma, 1958
- Inquilinitermes Mathews, 1977
- Invasitermes Miller, 1984
- Jugositermes Emerson, 1928
- Kaudernitermes Lamb & Sands, 1975
- Kemneritermes Akhtar & Ahmad, 1981
- Krishnacapritermes Chhotani, 1997
- Labidotermes Pasteels & Deligne, 1969
- Labiocapritermes Krishna, 1968
- Labiotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Labritermes Holmgren, 1914
- Lacessititermes Holmgren, 1912
- Lepidotermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Leptomyxotermes Sands, 1965
- Leucopitermes Emerson, 1960
- Longipeditermes Holmgren, 1912
- Longpeditermes
- Longustitermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2010
- Lophotermes Miller, 1991
- Machadotermes Weidner, 1974
- Macrognathotermes Miller, 1991
- Macrosubulitermes Emerson, 1960
- 大白蟻屬 Macrotermes Holmgren, 1909
- Macuxitermes Bandeira & Cancello, 1992
- Malagasitermes Emerson, 1960
- Malaysiotermes Ahmad, 1968
- Mapinguaritermes Rocha & Cancello, 2012
- Megagnathotermes Silvestri, 1914
- Megaprotermes Ruelle, 1978
- Metatermites Armbruster, 1941
- 鋸白蟻屬 Microcerotermes Silvestri, 1901
- Microfavichnus Duringer, Schuster, Genise, Mackaye, Vignaud & Brunet, 2007
- Microtermes Wasmann, 1902
- Mimeutermes Silvestri, 1914
- 瘤歪白蟻屬 Mirocapritermes Holmgren, 1914
- Mirotermes Wasmann, 1897
- Mucrotermes Emerson, 1960
- Muelleritermes Cancello, Oliveira & Rocha
- Mycterotermes Sands, 1965
- Nanotermes Engel & Grimaldi, 2011
- Nasopilotermes Gao, Lam & Owen, 1992
- 象白蟻屬 Nasutitermes Dudley, 1890
- Neocapritermes Holmgren, 1912
- Ngauratermes Acioli & Constantino, 2009
- Nitiditermes Emerson, 1960
- Niuginitermes Pasteels & Roisin, 1996
- Noditermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Noirotitermes Cancello & Myles, 2000
- Obtusitermes Snyder, 1924
- Occasitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Occultitermes Emerson, 1960
- 土白蟻屬 Odontotermes Holmgren, 1910
- Okavangotermes Coaton, 1971
- Onkotermes Constantino, Liotta & Giacosa, 2002
- Ophiotermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Oriencapritermes Ahmad & Akhtar, 1981
- Oriensubulitermes Emerson, 1960
- Orientotermes Ahmad, 1976
- Orthognathotermes Holmgren, 1910
- Orthotermes Silvestri, 1914
- Ovambotermes Coaton, 1971
- Palmitermes Hellemans & Roisin, 2017
- Paracapritermes Hill, 1942
- Paraconvexitermes Cancello & Noirot, 2003
- Paracurvitermes Constantino & Carvalho, 2011
- Parvitermes Emerson, 1949
- Patawatermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2016
- 近針白蟻屬 Periaciculitermes Li, 1986
- 近瓢白蟻屬 Peribulbitermes Li, 1985
- 近扭白蟻屬 Pericapritermes Silvestri, 1914，近歪白蟻屬
- Phoxotermes Collins, 1977
- 棘白蟻屬 Pilotermes Emerson, 1960
- Planicapritermes Emerson, 1949
- Postsubulitermes Emerson, 1960
- Proboscitermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Procapritermes Holmgren, 1912
- Procornitermes Emerson, 1949
- Procubitermes Silvestri, 1914
- Profastigitermes Emerson, 1960
- Prohamitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Promirotermes Silvestri, 1914
- Protermes Holmgren, 1910
- Protocapritermes Holmgren, 1912
- Protohamitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Pseudacanthotermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Pseudhamitermes Noirot, 1966
- 鈎歪白蟻屬 Pseudocapritermes Kemner, 1934
- Pseudomicrotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Quasitermes Emerson, 1950
- Rhadinotermes Sands, 1965
- Rhynchotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Rinacapritermes Amina & Rajmohana, 2022
- Roonwalitermes Bose, 1997
- Rostrotermes Grassé, 1943
- Rotunditermes Holmgren, 1910
- Rounditermes Nel, Ponchel & Ensaf, 2003
- Rubeotermes Bourguignon & Roisin, 2016
- Ruptitermes Mathews, 1977
- Rustitermes Constantini, Castro & Scheffrahn, 2020
- Sabahitermes Thapa, 1997
- Sandsitermes
- Saxatilitermes Miller, 1991
- Scallopitermes
- Schievitermes Roisin, 2022
- Silvestritermes Rocha & Cancello, 2012
- 華歪白蟻屬 Sinocapritermes Ping & Xu, 1986
- 華象白蟻屬 Sinonasutitermes Li & Ping, 1986
- Sinqasapatermes Cuezzo & Nickle, 2011
- Skatitermes Coaton, 1971
- Spatulitermes Coaton, 1971
- 稀白蟻屬 Speculitermes Wasmann, 1902
- Sphaerotermes Holmgren, 1912
- Spinitermes Wasmann, 1897
- Subulioiditermes Ahmad, 1968
- Subulitermes Holmgren, 1910
- Synacanthotermes Holmgren, 1910
- Syncapritermes Ahmad & Akhtar, 1981
- Synhamitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Syntermes Holmgren, 1909
- Tarditermes Emerson, 1960
- Tenuirostritermes Holmgren, 1912
- 白蟻屬 Termes Linnaeus, 1758
- Tetimatermes Fontes, 1986
- Thoracotermes Wasmann, 1911
- Tonsuritermes Cancello & Constantini, 2019
- Trapellitermes Sands, 1995
- Triangularitermes Mathews, 1977
- Trichotermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Trinervitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Tuberculitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Tumulitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Uncitermes Rocha & Cancello, 2012
- Unguitermes Sjöstedt, 1924
- Unicornitermes Coaton, 1971
- Vaninitermes Rocha & Cancello, 2022
- Velocitermes Holmgren, 1912
- Verrucositermes Emerson, 1960
- 夏氏白蟻屬 Xiaitermes Gao & He, 1994
- Xylochomitermes Miller, 1991
系統分支
[編輯]| 等翅類 Isoptera |
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參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Engel, M.S. Family-group names for termites (Isoptera), redux. ZooKeys. 2011, 148: 171–184 [2019-03-04]. PMC 3264418
. PMID 22287896. doi:10.3897/zookeys.148.1682 （英語）.
- ^ Johanna Romero Arias, Simon Hellemans, Esra Kaymak, Pierre D. Akama, Thomas Bourguignon, Yves Roisin, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn and Jan Šobotník. 2023. Mitochondrial Phylogenetics Position A New Afrotropical Termite Species into its own Subfamily, the Engelitermitinae (Blattodea: Termitidae). Systematic Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12607
