新翅下纲

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新翅下纲Infobox info icon2.svg
Hymenoptere2.jpg
停在薔薇屬Rosa arvensis英语Rosa arvensis)花上的蜜蜂
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
–未分级– 双髁类 Dicondylia
亚纲: 有翅亞綱 Pterygota
演化支 伴翅类 Metapterygota
下纲: 新翅下纲 Neoptera
Lang, 1888
演化支 (Wipfler 2019年)[1]

新翅下纲(学名:Neoptera),包含昆蟲綱有翅亞綱下,除古翅下纲 (Palaeoptera)之外的所有物种,此類的昆蟲擁有翅膀,也包含在演化过程中失去了翅膀,没有飞行能力的物種[2]。新翅下纲包括昆虫中的大多数物种

系统分类学[编辑]

複新翅類 Polyneoptera[编辑]

無尾角類 Acercaria[编辑]

完全變態類 Holometabola[编辑]

演化支树状图[编辑]

新翅目的系统分类问题尚未完全解决[3][4],此演化支树状图页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)根据Wipfler2019年的论文[1]绘制:

Phylogeny[编辑]

下圖為新翅下綱的親緣關係圖,新翅下綱親緣關係尚未完全釐清,下圖乃是根據 Kluge 於2004年、2010年、2012年、2013年、2019年,和2020年的論文中,以形態特徵製作的親緣關係圖[5][6][7]。下綱

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, not fully resolved, according to Kluge 2004, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020 using morphological characteristics according to the principles of cladoendesis:

Neoptera
Idioprothoraca

Embioptera (webspinners) Embia major hor.png

Notoptera (ice crawlers) Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg

Rhipineoptera

Plecoptera (stoneflies) Neoperla clymene hor.png

Tegminoptera
Pandictyoptera

Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg

Mantodea (mantises) Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) Gryllidae usda.png

Phasmatodea (stick insects, including Mantophasmatidae) Stick insect line diagram.png

Dermaptera (earwigs) Earwig on white background.jpg

Eumetabola
Parametabola

Zoraptera (angel insects) Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg

Acercaria
Condylognatha

Thysanoptera (thrips) Thrips (PSF) (white background).png

Arthroidignatha (= "Hemiptera" auct.) (bugs) Dorisiana bicolor MHNT, Montsinéry, Guyane dos vol 2.jpg

Panpsocoptera

Psocoptera (bark lice) Psocoptera (white background).jpg

Phthiraptera (lice) Lice Body (cropped).png

Endopterygota
Elytrophora

Coleoptera (beetles) Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887).jpg

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Elenchus koebelei.jpg

Coleopteroidea
Neuropteroidea

Neuroptera (net-winged insects) Osmylus (white background).jpg

Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Raphidia icon.png

Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Corydalus cornutus illustration (rotated).png

Mecopteriformia

Diptera (true flies) Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg

Enteracantha

Mecoptera except Boreidae (scorpionflies) Scorpionfly (white background).jpg

Calyptroptera

Boreidae (snow scorpionflies) Boreus hiemalis2 detail.jpg

Siphonaptera (fleas) Pulex irritans female ZSM (white background).jpg

Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies) RHYACOPHILA DORSALIS Male Pont Forge de Sailly Watigny 02 MHNT.jpg

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) Arctia villica SLU.JPG

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) European wasp white bg.jpg

参考资料[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S. Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019-01-14, 116 (8): 201817794 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-31) (英语). 
  2. ^ Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. 2003-04-04: 64. ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6 (英语). 
  3. ^ Kluge 2005页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kluge 2010页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kluge 2012页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ 蔡晨阳:无尾角类 Acercaria(真臭虫,蓟马,树皮虱和真虱等)的单一起源被强烈支持 the monophyly of Acercaria (true bugs, thrips, bark lice and true lice) is strongly supported - 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所 布里斯托大学 - 第四届“中国生物系统学学术论坛” 会议报告摘要集 - 2019-12-6 11:28 http://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-536560-1209002.html
  5. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. Larval/pupal leg transformation and a new diagnosis for the taxon Metabola Burmeister, 1832 = Oligoneoptera Martynov, 1923 (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 2004, 13 (4): 189–229 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-18). 
  6. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda (PDF). Bionomina. 2010, 1: 15–55 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-25). 
  7. ^ Kluge, Nikita J. General System of Neoptera with Description of a New Species of Embioptera (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 2012, 21 (4): 371–384 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-18).  Further material from Kluge is available at Tegminoptera & Calyptroptera 2013页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Tetrastigmoptera 2019页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Insect systematics and principles of cladoendesis页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).