梅花雀科
外观
梅花雀科 | |
---|---|
红眉火尾雀 Neochmia temporalis | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 雀形目 Passeriformes |
演化支: | 真雀类 Eupasseres |
亚目: | 雀亚目 Passeri |
下目: | 雀下目 Passerida |
总科: | 雀总科 Passeroidea |
科: | 梅花雀科 Estrildidae Illiger, 1811 |
属 | |
见正文 |
梅花雀科(学名:Estrildidae)是旧大陆热带地区和澳大拉西亚的一种小型雀形目鸟类,包括有多个常见鸟类的物种,例如:文鸟、侏儒鸟、火雀、鹦雀及梅花雀等[1]。梅花雀科有时会被视为雀科(Passeridae)的亚科,只包括在旧世界出现的雀,例如:麻雀属[2]。尽管其外型可能有点相似,本科物种与燕雀科、鹀科又或美洲鹀科的关系其实并不密切。
梅花雀是群居的籽食鸟类,其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀科物种的身体构造与习性都十分相似,但彼此间羽毛的颜色和花纹差异很大。
所有品种的梅花雀都会建造较大的半圆形鸟巢,每次可产5至10枚白色鸟蛋。大部分物种会建造用以栖息的鸟巢。部分火雀和斑腹雀会在维达雀科的巢内产卵寄生。
大部分的梅花雀都对寒冷极为敏感,性喜温暖,多在热带定居;少数则在澳大利亚南部及新几内亚的高地,并适应了当地较为寒冷的气候,例如:高山文鸟、红胁火尾雀、红眉火尾雀,还有Stagonopleura这个属的物种。
梅花雀科中最小的物种是小绿背织雀(Nesocharis shelleyi),体长仅8.3厘米(3.3英寸)。而最轻的物种是黑腰梅花雀(Estrilda troglodytes),仅重6克(0.21盎司)。最大的物种是禾雀(Padda oryzivora),体长可达17厘米(6.7英寸),体重可达25克(0.88盎司)。[3]
分类
[编辑]属与物种
[编辑]- 啄花雀属 Parmoptila
- 红额啄花雀 Parmoptila rubrifrons
- Jameson's antpecker, Parmoptila jamesoni – often included in P. rubrifrons
- 啄花雀 Parmoptila woodhousei
- 裂籽雀属 Pyrenestes
- 蓝嘴雀属s, genus Spermophaga
- 火雀属, Lagonosticta
- 斑胸火雀, Lagonosticta rufopicta
- 褐背火雀, Lagonosticta nitidula
- 红嘴火雀, Lagonosticta senegala
- 黑腹火雀, Lagonosticta rara
- 灰顶火雀, Lagonosticta rubricata
- 淡嘴火雀, Lagonosticta landanae
- 红腹火雀, Lagonosticta rhodopareia
- 马里火雀, Lagonosticta virata
- 岩火雀, Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis
- 黑脸火雀, Lagonosticta larvata
- 赖氏火雀, Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis
- 蓝饰雀属 Uraeginthus
- Coccopygia 黄腹梅花雀属,Coccopygia
- 黄腹梅花雀, Coccopygia quartinia
- 黑颊黄腹梅花雀, Coccopygia melanotis
- Angolan waxbill, Coccopygia bocagei
- 梅花雀属 Estrilda
- 淡蓝梅花雀, Estrilda caerulescens
- 黑尾梅花雀, Estrilda perreini
- 纽氏梅花雀, Estrilda thomensis
- 黄胸梅花雀, Estrilda paludicola
- Anambra waxbill, Estrilda poliopareia
- 橙颊梅花雀, Estrilda melpoda
- 阿拉伯梅花雀, Estrilda rufibarba
- 赤腰梅花雀, Estrilda rhodopyga
- 黑腰梅花雀, Estrilda troglodytes
- 横斑梅花雀, Estrilda astrild
- 黑脸梅花雀, Estrilda nigriloris
- 黑顶梅花雀, Estrilda nonnula
- 黑头梅花雀, Estrilda atricapilla
- Kandt's waxbill, Estrilda kandti
- 黑颊梅花雀, Estrilda erythronotos
- 红腰梅花雀, Estrilda charmosyna
- Genus 红梅花雀属 avadavats
- 星雀属,Neochmia
- Red-browed finch, Neochmia temporalis
- 赤胸星雀, Neochmia phaeton
- 星雀, Neochmia ruficauda
- 褐头星雀, Neochmia modesta
- 草雀属 Poephila
- Masked finch, Poephila personata
- Long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda
- Black-throated finch, Poephila cincta
- 鹦雀属, Erythrura
- 绿尾鹦雀, Erythrura hyperythra
- 长尾鹦雀, Erythrura prasina
- 绿脸鹦雀, Erythrura viridifacies
- 帝汉鹦雀, Erythrura tricolor
- 蓝脸鹦雀, Erythrura trichroa
- 红耳鹦雀, Erythrura coloria
- 大蓝脸鹦雀, Erythrura papuana
- 红喉鹦雀, Erythrura psittacea
- 斐济鹦雀, Erythrura pealii
- 红头鹦雀, Erythrura cyaneovirens
- 皇鹦雀, Erythrura regia
- 黑脸鹦雀, Erythrura kleinschmidti
- 胡锦鸟, Erythrura gouldiae
- 马岛文鸟属, Lepidopygia
- 马岛文鸟, Lepidopygia nana
- 文鸟属,Lonchura
- 铜色文鸟, Lonchura cucullata also known as bronze munia
- 黑白文鸟, Lonchura bicolor also known as black-and-white munia
- 褐背文鸟, Lonchura nigriceps also known as brown-backed munia
- 鹊文鸟, Lonchura fringilloides also known as magpie munia
- 白腰文鸟, Lonchura striata
- 黑喉文鸟, Lonchura leucogastroides
- 暗栗文鸟, Lonchura fuscans
- 黑脸文鸟, Lonchura molucca
- 红胸文鸟, Lonchura kelaarti also known as Jerdon's mannikin
- 斑文鸟, Lonchura punctulata also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
- 白胸文鸟, Lonchura leucogastra
- 纹头文鸟, Lonchura tristissima
- 黑头文鸟, Lonchura atricapilla
- 栗腹文鸟, Lonchura malacca
- 白顶文鸟, Lonchura ferruginosa
- 白腹文鸟, Lonchura pallidiventer
- 五彩文鸟, Lonchura quinticolor
- 白头文鸟, Lonchura maja
- 淡色文鸟, Lonchura pallida
- 大嘴文鸟, Lonchura grandis
- 灰带文鸟, Lonchura vana
- 灰冠文鸟, Lonchura nevermanni
- 黑巾文鸟, Lonchura spectabilis
- 杂色文鸟, Lonchura hunsteini
- 栗背文鸟, Lonchura forbesi
- 杂色文鸟, Lonchura nigerrima
- 黄尾文鸟, Lonchura flaviprymna
- 栗胸文鸟, Lonchura castaneothorax
演化
[编辑]有关梅花雀科物种的系统发生生物地理学(phylogeography)及其可能起源[4][5]的研究已经有了成果[6]。假设认为:随着喜马拉雅山的上升逐渐趋强(1,650万年前),季雨在印度得以形成,右图中便描述了这一起源。这项研究[6]的结论如下[7]:
- 梅花雀科为单系群多分枝的鸟类,其进化可能开始于中中新世(约1,650万年前),然后分布于非洲、亚洲及澳大利亚;
- 这一假设的时间跟燕雀亚科(Fringillinae,其实亦只有燕雀属所有物种)物种开始辐射的时间符合,也与喜马拉雅山及西藏高原最大的上升时间符合。这一次的上升是由于印度板块最强烈的撞击而引起,并且形成了今日南亚地区的季雨系统,以及其他较激烈的气候变化,例如:令西藏高原及中国沙漠的气候更干燥。
- The most ancient evolutive group comprises African (银嘴文鸟), Asian (白喉文鸟) and Australian (斑胁火尾雀); this suggests that the whole Estrildids radiation might have originated around India.[6][4][5]
- The African group Nesocharis is grouped with the African gender Estrilda.
- The 胡锦鸟 (Erythrura or Chloebia gouldiae) is definitely included within genus Erythrura with the other species.
- The 禾雀 (Padda or Lonchura oryzivora) is a very modified species from genus Lonchura: bigger than the rest of Lonchura species, and a noticeable and quite different head pattern. It is endemic to Java, Bali, and the Bawean Islands, although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands.
- 非洲的文鸟属African munias (Spermestes) belong to a genus totally different from Australian and Asian s.
- The Australian 红眉火尾雀 (Neochmia temporalis), very similar to African common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), is unrelated to it. Their similarities (bill, red brow, etc.) are due to 趋同演化, since their environmental pressures (weather, habitat, feeding) are similar.[6][5]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David. Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits [梅花雀、鹦雀、文鸟、维达雀、绿森莺、岩鹨、鹨]. www.worldbirdnames.org v8.2). IOC World Bird List. [2019-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-15).
- ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. 2008: 177. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- ^ Estrildid FINCHes: Order Passeriformes, Family Estrildidae. BIRDS of THE WORLD - An Online Bird Book. [2019-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-10) (英语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sibley, CG; Monroe, BL. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. 1990 (英语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Gomez-Prieto, Pablo; Serna-Ayala, J.M.; Ruiz-Del-Valle, Valentin. Origen de los estríldidos [梅花雀科物种的起源] (PDF). Ornitología práctica (Croma Press. s.a. Valencia). 2009, 40.[永久失效链接]
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Arnaiz-Villena,A; Ruiz-del-Valle,V.; Gomez-Prieto,P.; Reguera,R.; Parga-Lozano,C; Serrano-Vela,J.I. Estrildinae Finches (Aves, Passeriformes) from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study. The Open Ornithology Journal. 2009, 2: 29–36 [2010-11-03]. doi:10.2174/1874453200902010029. (原始内容存档于2010-10-12) (英语).
- ^ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Gomez-Prieto, Pablo; Ruiz-Del-Valle, Valentin. Phylogeography of Finches and Sparrows (PDF). Nova Science Publishers. 2009 [2019-08-24]. ISBN 978-1-60741-844-3. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-06) (英语).
外部链接
[编辑]- Syst. Biol. 53(1):140
- 维基物种上的相关信息:梅花雀科
- Zipcode Zoo: Estrildidae
- Internet Bird Collection.com: Estrildidae videos, photos and sounds (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Waxbill Finch Society (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) — specialist waxbill bird society based in the UK.