指定倖存者
外觀
指定倖存者(英語:Designated survivor)是指美國總統、副總統和國家其他高級領導人聚集在同一處時故意安排的一名缺席內閣閣員,此舉是為了確保在總統、副總統、國會領袖及內閣閣員全體喪生之後仍有一名部長級官員能夠依照《總統繼任法案》成為繼任美國總統,以避免極端情況下導致群龍無首的情況。
簡介
[編輯]「指定倖存者」是冷戰期間因為擔心總統等首長級高層遭遇核戰而設置,只有符合資格接任總統的內閣閣員(出生時即獲得美國公民身份,35歲以上,並在美國至少生活14年的人)才可成為「指定倖存者」,例如前國務卿馬德琳·奧爾布賴特因原籍是捷克斯洛伐克,後歸化為美國國籍,所以她不在美國總統繼任順序之中,無法成為指定倖存者。
一般情況下,「指定倖存者」是由美國總統繼任順序上的名單中選出。由於作為「後備總統」,因此「指定倖存者」外出時可享受總統級別的安全保護並乘坐專用交通工具,身邊還跟隨一名武官攜帶著俗稱「核足球」的核手提箱以備不測之需[1]。
從2005年開始,國會議員也有可能成為「指定倖存者」。如果參眾兩院只剩該名「指定倖存者」,該名倖存的參議員或者眾議員會立刻升為參議院臨時議長或眾議院議長,成為僅次於副總統的總統繼承人。
由於其特殊性質,「指定倖存者」所在的地點必須是嚴格保密的。因此在2010年巴拉克·歐巴馬總統發表國情咨文期間,雖然國務卿希拉蕊·柯林頓有國際行程而並未出席,但歐巴馬仍指定了住房和城市發展部長肖恩·多諾萬成為指定倖存者,因為當時公眾都知道希拉蕊正在英國倫敦參加一場會議[2];但若是當時參加總統國情咨文演講活動的高級領導人皆已喪生而希拉蕊仍然倖存,那麼將是希拉蕊繼任美國總統,因為希拉蕊的繼任順序高於肖恩。
指定倖存者列表
[編輯]參見
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ “指定幸存者”:美国的“总统备份”. [2014-05-28]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-11).
- ^ Kamen, Al. "Hillary Clinton will be in London for State of the Union (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)". Washington Post. Accessed 3 February 2010.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 1981、1989、1993、2001、2009、2017和2021年為新任總統發表演講,並非正式的國情咨文。
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Hershey, Jr., Robert D. State of Union: Bewitched by Pageant. New York Times. 1988-01-27 [2013-02-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-09).
- ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 Cabinet Members Who Did Not Attend the State of the Union Address. U.S. Senate. [2022-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-13).
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 Cabinet Members Not in Attendance ("Designated Survivor," from 1984), and Frequency By Department. The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara. [2022-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-18).
- ^ 1984: UPI, "Washington Dateline." Jan 25, 1984
- ^ Gainesville Sun Gainesville Sun - Jan 21, 1985
- ^ 1985: UPI, "Washington News." Feb 6, 1985
- ^ 1986: UPI, "Washington News." Feb 4, 1986
- ^ 1987: UPI, "Washington News." Jan 28, 1987
- ^ 1990: Washington Post, Page C3. Jan 31, 1991
- ^ 1991: Washington Post, Page C3. Jan 31, 1991
- ^ 1996: USA Today, Page A12. Feb 5, 1997
- ^ 1997: Washington Post, "Agriculture's Glickman Draws Doomsday Duty for Address." Page A13. Feb 4, 1997
- ^ 1999: New York Times, "Not Being Invited Was the Honor." Page B2. Jan 21, 1999
- ^ 2000: Washington Post, "The Reliable Source." Page C3. Jan 28, 2000
- ^ 2001: New York Times, "Cabinet's 'Designated Absentee' Stays Away." Page A23. Jan 30, 2002
- ^ 2002: New York Times, "Cabinet's 'Designated Absentee' Stays Away." Page A23. Jan 30, 2002
- ^ 2003: New York Times, "Ashcroft in Secret Spot During Bush Address." Jan 29, 2003
- ^ 2004: AP, "Four to Miss Speech Due to Security." Jan 20, 2004
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 For the 2005, 2006, and 2007 State of the Union addresses, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate would have been the highest-ranking survivor.
- ^ 2005: New York Times, "Five Officials Skip State of the Union Address." Feb 2, 2005
- ^ 2006: Philadelphia Inquirer, "A Message of Energy, Strength." Feb 1, 2006.
- ^ 2007: Washington Post, "The Reliable Source." Page C3. Jan 25, 2007.
- ^ 2008: AP, "Interior Secretary Skips Speech," Jan 28, 2008
- ^ 2009: AFP American Edition, "Gates to Sit out Obama Inauguration," January 19, 2009
- ^ Gates To Be Designated Successor On Inauguration Day (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), CBS News, January 19, 2009.
- ^ Holder Staying Away From Obama's Speech (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Washington Post, February 24, 2009.
- ^ Energy secretary skips Obama health care address. [2014-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2009-09-27).
- ^ O'Keefe, Ed. State of the Union: Ken Salazar to serve as 'designated survivor'. The Washington Post. 2011-01-25 [2011-01-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-26).
- ^ Associated Press. State of the Union: Tom Vilsack to serve as Cabinet's ‘designated survivor. Washington Post. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-30).
- ^ Shinseki absent from inaugural. Miami Herald. 2013-01-22 [2013-01-22]. (原始內容存檔於2014-02-03).
- ^ Rachel Weiner. Steven Chu is the State of the Union 'designated survivor'. Washington Post. 2013-02-12 [2014-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-13).
- ^ Energy Secretary to be Designated Survivor during State of the Union. FOX News. 2014-01-28 [2014-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-24).
- ^ Miller, Zeke J. This Man Will Be Your President If The Worst Happens Happens. Time. 2014-01-28 [2014-01-29]. (原始內容存檔於2014-01-30).
- ^ Kime, Patricia. Who Was the Designated Survivor for the Inauguration? Outgoing Administration Doesn't Say. Military.com. 2021-01-20 [2021-02-15]. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-16).
- ^ Leonard, Ben. No designated survivor for Biden's first joint address to Congress. POLITICO. [2021-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-13) (英語).
- ^ Lee, M. J. White House chief of staff tells House Democrats he's hoping State of the Union address will boost Biden's poll numbers. CNN. February 24, 2022 [February 24, 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-19) (英語).
- ^ State of the Union 2023: Labor Secretary Marty Walsh named designated survivor. Washington Examiner. 2023-02-07 [2023-02-07]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-14) (英語).