陸龜屬
陸龜屬
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| 從左順時針： Testudo graeca ibera Testudo hermanni boettgeri Testudo hermanni hermanni Testudo marginata sarda. | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 爬蟲綱 Reptilia |
| 目： | 龜鱉目 Testudines |
| 亞目： | 曲頸龜亞目 Cryptodira |
| 科： | 陸龜科 Testudinidae |
| 屬： | 陸龜屬 Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 |
| 模式種 | |
| Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758
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| 異名 | |
陸龜屬（Testudo）是陸龜科的一個屬，其下生物分布於北非、西亞和歐洲等地中海附近地區。除去緣翹陸龜外，所有現存種都因棲息地喪失而處於易危甚至瀕危狀態。陸龜屬的龜體型都不大。
分類[編輯]
陸龜屬的分類一直存在巨大爭議，其下的種也改變過很多次，大量命名甚至已經無效，因此通過學名進行文獻檢索時非常困難。[2]
基因序列研究對陸龜科分類學的幫助很有限。mtDNA研究顯示，陸龜屬的生物進化非常緩慢[3]。古生物地理學家發現一千多萬年來，其粒線體12S rRNA基因的進化速度是每一百萬年1.0-1.6% [4]，而ntDNA進化速度在很多種（甚至是赫曼陸龜的亞種）之間差異極大[5]。
本屬包括以下物種：
- Testudo amberiacensis Deperet, 1894
- Testudo amiatae Pantanelli, 1893
- Testudo angusticeps (Matthew, 1924)
- Testudo antiqua Bronn, 1831
- Testudo atlas Falconer & Cautley, 1844
- Testudo boettgeri Mojsisovics, 1889
- Testudo bosporica Riabinin, 1946
- Testudo brevitesta Vlachos & Tsoukala, 2015，已滅絕[6]
- Testudo brontops (Marsh, 1890)
- Testudo cautleyi Lydekker, 1889
- Testudo cernovi Khosatzky, 1948
- Testudo changshanensis Wei et al., 1975
- Testudo chienfutungensis Yeh, 1963
- Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766
- Testudo crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889)
- Testudo craverii Portis, 1879
- Testudo denizoti Bergounioux, 1935
- Testudo despotti Szalai, 1937
- Testudo ducateli (Collins & Lynn, 1936)
- Testudo eocaenica Hummel, 1935
- Testudo escheri Pictet & Humbert, 1856
- Testudo eurysternum Gervais, 1848
- Testudo gilbertii (Hay, 1899)
- Testudo globosa Portis, 1890
- 希臘陸龜 Testudo gracea [1]
- Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758
- Testudo hellenica Garcia et al., 2020
- Testudo hercegovinensis Werner, 1899
- 赫曼陸龜 Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789[1]
- Testudo hexagonata Cope, 1893
- Testudo hipparionum Wiman, 1930
- Testudo honanensis Wiman, 1930
- 四爪陸龜 Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844[1]
- Testudo houzei Dollo, 1909
- Testudo hypercostata Wiman, 1930
- Testudo kaiseni Gilmore, 1931
- Testudo (Chersine) kalksburgensis Toula, 1896
- Testudo kenitrensis Gmira, 1993
- 埃及陸龜 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883[1]
- Testudo lamanonii Gray, 1831
- Testudo larteti Pictet, 1853
- Testudo lohanica Perez-Garcia et al., 2022
- Testudo lunanensis (Yeh, 1963)
- Testudo margae Hooijer, 1948
- Testudo marginata Schoepff, 1792[1]
- Testudo marmorum Gaudry, 1862
- Testudo nanus (Gilmore, 1931)
- Testudo neraudii Gray, 1831
- Testudo orthopygia (Cope, 1878)
- Testudo osborniana (Hay, 1904)
- Testudo oughlamensis Gmira et al., 2013
- Testudo pecorinii Abbazzi et al., 2008
- Testudo phosphoritarum (Rage, 1988)
- Testudo promarginata Reinach, 1900
- Testudo pusilla Linnaeus, 1758
- Testudo shansiensis Wiman, 1930
- Testudo sharanensis (Yeh, 1965)
- Testudo shensiensis Wiman, 1930
- Testudo shilouensis Hsu et al., 1973
- Testudo sloanei Lydekker, 1889
- Testudo sphaerica Wiman, 1930
- Testudo steinheimensis Staesche, 1931
- Testudo tarakliensis Riabinin, 1918
- Testudo terrestris Fermin, 1765
- Testudo tunhuanensis Yeh, 1963
- Testudo turgida (Cope, 1892)
- Testudo ulanensis Gilmore, 1931
- 威爾遜陸龜 Testudo wilsoni (Milstead, 1956)
- 雲南陸龜 Testudo yunnanensis (Yeh, 1963)
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul. Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.) (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. August 3, 2017, 7 [October 4, 2019]. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-02-25）.
- ^ Highfield, A.C. & Martin, J. (1989): A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia, and Europe. Genus: Testudo. Journal of Chelonian Herpetology 1(1): 1–12.
- ^ Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: Evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1992. PMID 1584014. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040735.
- ^ Van Der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ph. Ballasina, Donato L.; Dekker, John T.; Maas, Jolanda; Willemsen, Ronald E.; Goudsmit, Jaap. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 174–183. PMID 11820839. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052.
- ^ Fritz, Uwe; Auer, Markus; Bertolero, Albert; Cheylan, Marc; Fattizzo, Tiziano; Hundsdorfer, Anna K.; Martin Sampayo, Marcos; Pretus, Joan L.; Široky, Pavel; Wink, Michael. A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann's tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): Implications for taxonomy. Zoologica Scripta. 2006, 35 (5): 531–543. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x.
- ^ Vlachos, Evangelos; Tsoukala, Evangelia. The diverse fossil chelonians from Milia (Late Pliocene, Grevena, Greece) with a new species of Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Papers in Palaeontology. 2016, 2: 71–86. doi:10.1002/spp2.1031.
- James F. Parham; J. Robert Macey; Theodore J. Papenfuss; Chris R. Feldman; Oguz Türkozan; Rosa Polymeni; JeVrey Boore. The phylogeny of Mediterranean tortoises and their close relatives based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences from museum specimens (PDF). 2005 [2020-05-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-10-23）.