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維基百科，自由的百科全書

美國國立衛生研究院（英語：National Institutes of Health，縮寫NIH）是美國聯邦行政部門美國衛生及公共服務部下轄的負責生物醫學研究的科研單位[1]。研究院包含有27個獨立的研究所或研究中心（IC），各從事不同方向的生物醫學研究。It also includes the Office of the Director, which sets policies and coordinates activities of the 27 ICs.[2]

研究所[編輯]

名稱 縮寫 職能 建立時間[3] 資產（百萬美元）[4][5] 網站
美國國家癌症研究所 NCI 旨在消除癌症造成的痛苦和死亡的研究。 1937 $5,081.8 www.cancer.gov
美國國家過敏和傳染病研究所 NIAID 研究目標包括努力理解、治療並最終預防感染性、免疫性和過敏性疾病。NIAID資助的流感基因組測序計劃是一項合作項目，旨在增加流感的基因組知識庫，幫助研究人員了解流感病毒是如何進化、傳播和致病的。[6] 1948 $4,512.9 www.niaid.nih.gov
國家牙科和顱面研究所 NIDCR 主持和支持旨在了解、治療和最終預防傳染性和遺傳性顱面部口腔疾病和紊亂的國家研究項目。 1948 $404.8 nidcr.nih.gov
國家糖尿病與消化和腎臟疾病研究所[a] NIDDK 主持和支持糖尿病、內分泌與代謝疾病、胃腸道疾病和營養、腎臟、泌尿和血液疾病方面的國家項目，並為其提供指導。 1950 $1,771.4 www.niddk.nih.gov
國家心肺血液研究所 NHLBI Provides leadership for a national program in diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and sleep disorders. Also has administrative responsibility for the NIH Women's Health Initiative. 1948 $3,035.1 www.nhlbi.nih.gov
國家心理健康研究所 NIMH Understanding, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses through basic research on the brain and behavior, and through clinical, epidemiological, and services research. 1949 $1,512.4 nimh.nih.gov
國家神經病學和中風研究所 NINDS 支持和開展關於正常和患病神經系統的基礎和臨床神經科學研究，促進基礎和臨床神經科學研究人員的培訓，並尋求更好地理解、診斷、治療和預防神經疾病。 1950 $1,656.3 ninds.nih.gov
國家醫學圖書館 NLM NLM collects, organizes, and makes available biomedical science information to investigators, educators, and practitioners and carries out programs designed to strengthen medical library services in the United States. The NLM established the 美國國家生物技術信息中心（NCBI）which is a central repository of biological information and includes the PubMed literature database and the gene database GenBank. The NCBI is one of the largest components of the NLM. 1956 $341.1 www.nlm.nih.gov
國家兒童健康與人類發育研究所 NICHD NICHD研究生育、懷孕、生長、發育和醫療康復，以促進兒童健康的各個方面。 1962 $1,305.6 www.nichd.nih.gov
國家普通醫學研究所 NIGMS NIGMS supports basic biomedical research not targeted to specific diseases, funds studies on genes, proteins, and cells, supports research training programs that produce the next generation of biomedical scientists, has special programs to encourage underrepresented minorities to pursue biomedical research careers. 1962 $2,439.4 nigms.nih.gov
國家眼科研究所 NEI 開展和支持有助於預防和治療眼部疾病和其它視覺障礙的研究。 1968 $698.1 nei.nih.gov
國家環境衛生科學研究所 NIEHS 研究環境暴露、遺傳易感性和年齡如何相互影響個體健康。 1969 $675.8 niehs.nih.gov
國家酒精濫用和酒精中毒研究所 NIAAA 重點研究緩解酒精中毒和與酒精相關疾病的治療和預防。 1970 $456.0 niaaa.nih.gov
國家藥物濫用研究所 NIDA 開展藥物濫用、成癮方面的預防、治療和政策方面的研究。 1974 $1,050.9 nida.nih.gov
國家老齡研究所 NIA NIA undertakes research on the biomedical, social, and behavioral aspects of the aging process, prevention of age-related diseases and disabilities, promotion of better quality of life for all older Americans. 1974 $1,518.4 nia.nih.gov
國家關節炎、肌肉骨骼和皮膚疾病研究所 NIAMS NIAMS supports research into causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research, and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. 1986 $528.1 niams.nih.gov
國家護理研究所 NINR NINR supports clinical and basic research to establish a scientific basis for the care of individuals across the life span. 1986 $142.7 www.ninr.nih.gov
國家耳聾和其他傳播障礙研究所 NIDCD Conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. 1988 $412.4 www.nidcd.nih.gov
國家人類基因組研究所 NHGRI NIH為支持人類基因組計劃而建立的機構，NHGRI提供的院內研究項目（英語：NIH Intramural Research Program）負責開發和實施理解、診斷和治療遺傳疾病的技術。 1989 $505.6 www.genome.gov
國家生物醫學成像和生物工程研究所 NIBIB Promotes fundamental discoveries, design and development, and translation and assessment of technological capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering, enabled by relevant areas of information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, and computer sciences. 2000 $338.4 www.nibib.nih.gov
國家少數民族健康與健康差異研究所[b] NIMHD Promotes minority health, conducts and supports research, training, research infrastructure, fosters emerging programs, disseminates information, and reaches out to minority and other health disparity communities. 1993 $272.5 nimhd.nih.gov
  1. ^ Previously the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1981–1986); National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (1972–1981); and National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (1950–1972).[7]
  2. ^ Renamed in 2010; previously the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD), established 2000. NCMHD was preceded by the Office of Research on Minority Health (ORMH), legislatively established in 1993. The earlier Office of Minority Programs (OMP) had been created in 1990 at the request of the Secretary Health and Human Services.[8]

NIH中心[編輯]

In addition to being divided by research area, NIH has many operating groups called centers operating across all of the Institutes.

Name Acronym Description Est.[3] Budget (mil) URL
Center for Scientific Review CSR The CSR is the focal point at NIH for the conduct of initial peer review of grant and fellowship applications, implements ways to conduct referral and review. 1946 $BUDGET www.csr.nih.gov
Clinical Center CC The clinical research facility of the National Institutes of Health; provides patient care, services, and environment needed to initiate and support conduct of and training in clinical research. 1953 $BUDGET clinicalcenter.nih.gov
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences NCATS NCATS aims to catalyze the generation of innovative methods and technologies that will enhance the development, testing and implementation of diagnostics and therapeutics across a wide range of human diseases and conditions. 2011 $643.1 ncats.nih.gov
Center for Information Technology[a] CIT The CIT incorporates computers into the biomedical programs and administrative procedures of the NIH by conducting computational biosciences research, developing computer systems, and providing computer facilities. 1964 $BUDGET cit.nih.gov
John E. Fogarty International Center FIC FIC promotes and supports scientific research and training internationally to reduce disparities in global health. 1968 $68.6 www.fic.nih.gov
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health[b] NCCIH NCCIH explores complementary and alternative medical practices in the context of rigorous science, training researchers, and disseminating authoritative information. 1999 $127.6 nccih.nih.gov
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research NCMRR NCMRR fosters development of scientific knowledge needed to enhance the health, productivity, independence, and quality-of-life of people with physical disabilities. 1991 $BUDGET nichd.nih.gov/ncmrr
國家研究資源中心[c] NCRR NCRR為實驗室科學家和研究人員提供治療疾病的設施和工具 1990（2011年撤銷） www.ncrr.nih.gov
  1. ^ Formed in March 1998 by combining the Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT), the Office of Information Resources Management (OIRM), and the Telecommunications Branch.[9]
  2. ^ Until 2015, called the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). NCCAM was preceded by the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM), established in 1992.[10]
  3. ^ Merger of the Division of Research Resources and the Division of Research Services

Office of the Director[編輯]

The Office of the Director is the central office at NIH. The OD is responsible for setting policy for NIH and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all the NIH components. Program offices in the Office of the Director are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH and for planning and supporting research and related activities. Current program areas are: minority health, women's health, AIDS research, disease prevention, and behavioral and social sciences research.[11] In July 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Dr. Francis S. Collins, M.D., PhD, to be the Director of the NIH. On August 7, 2009, the US Senate confirmed Dr. Collins by unanimous vote.

Program offices within the Office of the Director fund research through the institutes:

Full name Acronym RoleRes URL
Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives DPCPSI plans and implements trans-NIH initiatives supported by the NIH Common Fund and coordinates research related to AIDS, behavioral and social sciences, women's health, disease prevention, and research infrastructure. DPCPSI was formally established within the Office of the Director as part of implementing the requirements of the NIH Reform Act of 2006.[12] dpcpsi.nih.gov
Office of Extramural Research OER provides guidance to institutes in research and training programs conducted through extramural programs (that is, grant, contract, or cooperative agreement programs).[13] grants.nih.gov/grants/oer.htm
Office of Intramural Research OIR coordinates research conducted directly by NIH personnel through intramural programs.[13] oir.nih.gov
Office of Management OM responsible for management and financial functions of the NIH.[14] om.od.nih.gov
Office of Administration OA advises the NIH Director and staff on administration and management; develops and implements policies, and provides oversight in the areas of information resources management, management assessment, grant administration and contract management, procurement, and logistics
Office of AIDS Research OAR formulates scientific policy for, and recommends allocation of research resources for AIDS research at NIH. OAR is housed within DPCPSI.[15] www.oar.nih.gov
Office of Biotechnology Activities OBA "monitors scientific progress in human genetics research in order to anticipate future developments, including ethical, legal, and social concerns, in basic and clinical research involving Recombinant DNA, Genetic Technologies, and Xenotransplantation"[16] osp.od.nih.gov/office-biotechnology-activities/oba/
Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research OBSSR advises the NIH Director and other key officials on matters relating to research on the role of human behavior in the development of health, prevention of disease, and therapeutic intervention. OBSSR is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] obssr.od.nih.gov
Office of Communications and Public Liaison OCPL advises the Director and communicates information about NIH policies, programs, and research results to the general public[17] www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison
Office of Community Liaison OCL advises the Director, plans, directs and oversees activities to promote collaboration between NIH and its community, and ensures effective communication on policy and programs involving the community ocl.od.nih.gov
Office of Dietary Supplements ODS ODS is housed within DPCPSI. 「The mission of ODS is to strengthen knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information, stimulating and supporting research, disseminating research results, and educating the public to foster an enhanced quality of life and health for the U.S. population.」[15] ODS was created in 1995 as authorized by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (美國聯邦公法第103–417號, DSHEA).[18] ods.od.nih.gov
Office of Disease Prevention ODP coordinates NIH activities regarding the application of research to disease prevention, nutrition and medical practice. The ODP is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] prevention.nih.gov
Office of Intramural Training and Education OITE provides a comprehensive guide to postdoctoral training opportunities available at the NIH www.training.nih.gov
Office of Evaluation, Performance, and Reporting OEPR provides resources and coordination to better capture, communicate, and enhance the value of NIH research through strategic planning, performance monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. OEPR is housed within DPCPSI dpcpsi.nih.gov/oepr
Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion EDI advises the Director and NIH staff on matters related to equal employment opportunity programs and policies.[15] edi.nih.gov
Office of Financial Management OFM advises the NIH Director and staff and provides leadership and direction for NIH financial management activities; develops policies and instructions for budget preparation and presentation and administers allocation of funds and manages a system of fund and budgetary controls.[15] ofm.od.nih.gov
Office of Human Resources OHR advises the NIH Director and staff on human resource management; directs central human resource management services; and provides NIH leadership and planning on human resource program development.[15] hr.od.nih.gov
Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis OLPA provides legislative analysis, policy development, and liaison with the United States Congress.[19] olpa.od.nih.gov
Office of Portfolio Analysis OPA OPA is an interdisciplinary team that impacts NIH-supported research by enabling NIH decision makers and research administrators to evaluate and prioritize current and emerging areas of research that will advance NIH's mission. OPA is housed within DPCPSI. dpcpsi.nih.gov/opa
Office of Research Infrastructure Programs ORIP advances the NIH mission by supporting research infrastructure and research-related resource programs. OAR is housed within DPCPSI. orip.nih.gov
Office of Research on Women's Health ORWH serves as a focal point for women's health research at the NIH. The ORWH promotes, stimulates, and supports efforts to improve the health of women through biomedical and behavioral research. ORWH works in partnership with the NIH institutes and centers to ensure that women's health research is part of the scientific framework at NIH and throughout the scientific community. This office is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH).[15] orwh.od.nih.gov
Office of Strategic Coordination OSC oversees the NIH Common Fund. OSC is housed within the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI), Office of the Director (OD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). All NIH Institutes and Centers are involved with OSC in the design, implementation, and evaluation of Common Fund programs.[15] commonfund.nih.gov
Office of Technology Transfer OTT manages the wide range of NIH and FDA intramural inventions as mandated by the Federal Technology Transfer Act and related legislation. The mission of the NIH OTT is to improve public health through the management of inventions made by NIH and FDA scientists and the development of intellectual property policies for NIH's intramural and extramural research programs. In doing so, OTT serves a leading role in public sector biomedical technology transfer policy and practice. www.ott.nih.gov
Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office SGMRO since October 2016 the SGMRO, housed within the Office of the Director, has coordinated NIH-supported activities on SGM health related research projects within and outside of the NIH Institutes. They are the umbrella for all research projects covering the LGBTI communities recognized health disparity- now coded as a Sexual & Gender Minority population.[20] dpcpsi.nih.gov/sgmro
Tribal Health Research Office THRO THRO is housed within DPCPSI. Established in 2015, the office was created in recognition of the importance of ensuring meaningful input and collaboration with tribal Nations on NIH programs and policies.[21] dpcpsi.nih.gov/thro

參考文獻[編輯]

  1. ^ Who We Are. National Institutes of Health (NIH). [January 21, 2017]. 
  2. ^ Organization. National Institutes of Health (NIH). January 22, 2016. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices. National Institutes of Health. January 18, 2017. 
  4. ^ https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3020/text
  5. ^ NIH — Office of Budget —404: File Not Found (PDF). officeofbudget.od.nih.gov. 
  6. ^ Influenza Genome Sequencing Project. NIAID: Division of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. [May 25, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於July 13, 2007）. 
  7. ^ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. October 25, 2016. 
  8. ^ National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. May 26, 2016. 
  9. ^ Center for Information Technology (CIT). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. March 16, 2016. 
  10. ^ National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. March 17, 2016. 
  11. ^ NIH – Office of the Director. Nih.gov. May 23, 2011 [May 25, 2011]. 
  12. ^ NIH Reform Act of 2006, 美國聯邦公法第109–482號，H.R. 6164，120 Stat. 3675，2007年1月15日頒佈.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Research, Funding and Coordination. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. September 16, 2016. 
  14. ^ Administration and Services. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. October 5, 2016. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Office of the Director, NIH. The NIH Almanac. National Institutes of Health. January 18, 2017. 
  16. ^ About OBA. （原始內容存檔於May 15, 2008）. 
  17. ^ Communications. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. October 5, 2016. 
  18. ^ About ODS: Mission, Origin, Mandate. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. [March 20, 2013]. 
  19. ^ Policy. NIH Office of the Director. National Institutes of Health. January 26, 2016. 
  20. ^ Director's Message. NIMHD. [2018-07-31] （英語）. 
  21. ^ https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/thro.  缺少或|title=為空 (幫助)


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